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289 protocols using whatman 1 filter paper

1

Cellulose Nanocrystals Preparation

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Whatman
1 filter paper (catalog number WHA1001125,
125 mm diameter), phosphoric acid (H3PO4, 85%
aqueous solution, CAS 7664-38-2, VWR chemicals), sodium monophosphate
dihydrate (NaH2PO4·2 H2O, CAS
13472-35-0, 98%, Supelco), urea [CO(NH2)2, >99%,
CAS 57-13-6, Sigma-Aldrich], sodium chloride (NaCl, >99%, CAS 7740-23-5,
VWR chemicals), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, >99%, CAS 1310-73-2, VWR
chemicals),
HCl gas (99.8%, CAS 7647-01-0, AGA), sulfanilamide (OAS, CAS 63-74-1,
Elemental Microanalysis Ltd), nitric acid (HNO3, 67–69%
Assay, CAS 7697-37-2, Romil Chemicals Ltd), hydrochloric acid (HCl,
34–37% Assay, CAS 7647-01-0, Romil Chemicals Ltd), hydrofluoric
acid (HF, 40%, guaranteed reactant, CAS 7664-39-3, Merck), and Milli-Q
water (18.2 MΩ cm resistivity) were used without further purification.
sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH, 1 M, CAS 1310-73-2, Titripur Reag.,
Merck) was diluted to a concentration of 0.1 M with degassed Milli-Q
water and used for conductometric titrations. sCNCs were prepared
from Whatman 1 filter paper by sulfuric acid hydrolysis (8.75 mL 64%
H2SO4 per 1 g Whatman 1 filter paper, 45 min,
45 °C), as described elsewhere,14 (link) and
by means of elemental analysis found to contain 0.194 mmol/g sulfate.
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2

Transmission Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation

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Each sample was applied to an ultra-thin carbon film over Lacey Carbon Support Film on 400-mesh copper grids (Ted Pella, Inc.) that were glow discharged for 1 minute. Excess solution was blotted with Whatman #1 filter paper and the grid was rapidly stained with 2% uranyl acetate. The uranyl acetate was immediately blotted with Whatman #1 filter paper and rapidly stained with 2% methylamine tungstate. The second stain was immediately blotted away with Whatman #1 filter paper and allowed to air dry. Data was collected on a JEOL 3200FS microscope operated at 300 kV. Images were acquired at a magnification of 46,000x and at 1.0 μm underfocus using a Gatan UltraScan 4000 charge-coupled device (CCD) camera.
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3

HPV16 Visualization by Electron Microscopy

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HPV16 samples were prepared with cationic lipids as described above. Each sample was applied to an ultra-thin carbon film over Lacey Carbon Support Film on 400-mesh copper grids (Ted Pella, Inc.) that were glow discharged for 1 min. Excess solution was blotted with Whatman #1 filter paper and the grid was rapidly stained with 2% uranyl acetate. The uranyl acetate was immediately blotted with Whatman #1 filter paper and rapidly stained with 2% methylamine tungstate. The second stain was immediately blotted away with Whatman #1 filter paper and allowed to air dry. Data were collected on a JEOL 3200FS microscope operated at 300 kV. Images were acquired at a magnification of 87,000x and 160,000x, and at 1.0 μm underfocus using a Gatan UltraScan 4000 charge-coupled device (CCD) camera.
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4

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Nanoparticles

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Images were obtained on a Transmission Electron Microscope (FEI Tecnai, Hillsboro, OR) operating at 80 kV. Carbon coated copper grids (400 mesh) were plasma treated using an Emitech Glow Discharge instrument to render them hydrophilic prior to adding 5 µl of the nanoparticle suspension. After 30 s, the nanoparticle suspension was wicked off using Whatman 1 filter paper. The particles were negatively stained by placing a 5 µl drop of 2% uranyl acetate on the particle-coated grid for 30 s before being wicked off with Whatman 1 filter paper.
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5

Immunoelectron Microscopy of Exosomes and Tau

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For Immunoelectron microscopy experiment, purified exosomes were pipetted onto carbon-coated TEM grids and incubated for 5 min at room temperature. The solution was then wicked off the grid with Whatman 1 filter paper until a thin film remained. Rabbit anti-Alix antibody (exosome marker) and mouse anti-Tau12 antibody were used to label exosomes and tau, respectively. Goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody conjugated to 10 nm gold particles (Aurion, Wageningen, the Netherlands) and goat anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated to 5nm gold particles were used for detection. The grids were then negatively stained by placement on droplets of 2% uranyl acetate for 2 min. Samples were imaged in a Hitachi H7500 transmission electron microscope equipped with an Advanced Microscopy Sciences XR60 camera.
For PHF imaging, PHF derived from rTg4510 mice brain were pipetted onto carbon-coated TEM grids and incubated for 5 min at room temperature. The solution was then wicked off the grid with Whatman 1 filter paper until a thin film remained. The grids were then negatively stained by placement on droplets of 2% uranyl acetate for 2 min. Samples were imaged in a Hitachi H7500 transmission electron microscope equipped with an Advanced Microscopy Sciences XR60 camera.
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6

Ground, Sieve, and Pack MIP Particles

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MIP materials made in bulk are most often ground and then sized using a sieve before packing in columns that are subsequently evaluated for binding. Thus, the polymers were ground utilizing a mortar and pestle, and the particles were sized using USA Standard Testing Sieves (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA) or Whatman #1 filter paper. The sieved particles were collected in the 25–37-micron range; the particles passing below the 25-micron sieves were further filtered through Whatman #1 filter paper to obtain particles in the 11–25-micron range. Prior to evaluation, both particle sizes were separately slurry packed into HPLC columns (10 cm × 4.1 mm i.d.) using a Beckman 1108 Solvent Delivery Module Beckman Instruments, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and eluted overnight with MeCN/H2O: 95/5 (v/v), after which the baseline was steady, indicating no further BFen needed to be removed.
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7

Grafted Chitosan Adsorption and Analysis

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After completing the initial equilibrium adsorption studies, the remaining solution containing the grafted chitosan was filtered using Whatman 1 filter paper and washed with deionized water (~20 mL). The grafted chitosan was collected and placed in an Erlenmeyer flask containing 20.0 mL of deionized water. Initial pH was recorded, the flasks were covered and CO2 gas was bubbled into the solution for 1 h of gassing. The final pH was recorded, a 10 mL sample was collected, filtered using 0.2 µm PTFE syringe filters and acidified with two drops of concentrated nitric acid to preserve the sample for subsequent metal analysis. Metal concentrations were determined via ICP-OES analysis. The remaining solution was filtered using Whatman 1 filter paper and the grafted chitosan was collected and allowed to air-dry overnight.
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8

Optimizing Enzymatic Oleic Acid Esterification

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The reactions were performed under optimized conditions in larger-scale experiments (35.4 mmol oleic acid, 11.8 mmol glycerol, 34.5 U Candida sp. 99–125 lipase, 6.0 mL t-butanol, 6.4 g 4 Å molecular sieves, 50°C, and 7 h) acquired by the typical single-factor experiments in a 50-mL flask on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm. When the reaction was completed, the lipase powders and the molecular sieves were divided from the reaction via filtration with Whatman #1 filter paper and then rinsed with t-butanol in a Buchner funnel minus filter paper. The lipase powders and t-butanol could pass the holes of Buchner funnel, while the molecular sieves not. Thus, the molecular sieves were isolated from the lipase powders which can be separated with t-butanol by filtration using Whatman #1 filter paper and then directly used during the further batch.
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9

Visualizing Bacterial Fimbriae via TEM

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Electron Microscopy Sciences EMS200‐Cu Plastic‐coated 200‐mesh copper grids were coated with a 3 nm layer of carbon for better heat dispersal followed by glow discharge treatment. Three microliters of induced WT and pARA_Sef bearing AAEC072A cultures were added to the grid and left for 60 s then the residual liquid was removed using Whatman #1 filter paper. Samples were then negatively stained using 3 μL of 0.7% uranyl acetate for 45 s. Excess stain was again removed using the Whatman #1 filter paper and the grid was left to dry for at least 30 min. Grids were examined in a Morgagni 268D TEM, images were captured using an Olympus Megapixel III digital camera. Fimbrial lengths were measured using ImageJ v1.52d (Schneider et al., 2012 (link))
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10

Immunoelectron Microscopy of Exosomes and Tau

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For Immunoelectron microscopy experiment, purified exosomes were pipetted onto carbon-coated TEM grids and incubated for 5 min at room temperature. The solution was then wicked off the grid with Whatman 1 filter paper until a thin film remained. Rabbit anti-Alix antibody (exosome marker) and mouse anti-Tau12 antibody were used to label exosomes and tau, respectively. Goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody conjugated to 10 nm gold particles (Aurion, Wageningen, the Netherlands) and goat anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated to 5nm gold particles were used for detection. The grids were then negatively stained by placement on droplets of 2% uranyl acetate for 2 min. Samples were imaged in a Hitachi H7500 transmission electron microscope equipped with an Advanced Microscopy Sciences XR60 camera.
For PHF imaging, PHF derived from rTg4510 mice brain were pipetted onto carbon-coated TEM grids and incubated for 5 min at room temperature. The solution was then wicked off the grid with Whatman 1 filter paper until a thin film remained. The grids were then negatively stained by placement on droplets of 2% uranyl acetate for 2 min. Samples were imaged in a Hitachi H7500 transmission electron microscope equipped with an Advanced Microscopy Sciences XR60 camera.
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