Chloroform

The C-terminal modified RR peptide (Arg-Arg ethylamide, RR-NHEt; 357.4 Da) was synthesized by ANYGEN (Gwangju, Republic of Korea). Acetonitrile (ACN), antibiotic antimycotic solution, a cathepsin B activity assay kit, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), diethyl ether, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), methanol, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Gibco (Waltham, MA, USA). An Ez Cytox kit was obtained from DoGenBio (Seoul, Republic of Korea). Neutral buffered formalin (10%) was purchased from HuBenTech (Damyang, Republic of Korea). A Pierce BCA protein assay kit was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Chloroform was purchased from DAEJUNG (Siheung, Republic of Korea).

In this experiment, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), folin&ciocalteu’s reagent (sigma-Aldrich, USA), bacto agar (BD DIFCO, USA), bacto tryptic soy broth (BD DIFCO, USA), NO (nitric oxide) kit (Cell Biolabs. INC., USA), ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit (Abfrontier, KOR), TRIzol reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), chloroform (Daejung, KOR), isopropyl alcohol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), ethanol (Daejung, KOR), DEPC (diethyl pyrocarbonate) water (Thermo Scientific, USA), agarose (Bioneer, KOR), RT-PCR premix kit (Bioneer, KOR), Hematoxylin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), Eosin Y (Sigma-Aldrich, USA ), centrifuge (Labogene, KOR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader (Thermo Scientific, USA), fluoro box (Neo Science, KOR), and Permount (Fisher, USA) were used.

Root and flower extracts of Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) were provided by the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in Korea. Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate [Mg(NO₃)₂⋅ 6H₂O], aluminum nitrate nonahydrate [Al(NO₃)₃⋅9H₂O], sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (St. Louis, MO, United States). A standard decursin sample for chromatography was purchased from ChromaDex Inc. (Irvine, CA, United States). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), n-hexane, and chloroform were acquired from DAEJUNG CHEMICALS & METALS CO. LTD. (Siheung, South Korea). Methanol (Burdick & Jackson^®, Morristown, NJ, United States) and acetone (SAMCHUN CHEMICAL CO., Yeosu, South Korea) were used to solubilize AGN extract solid. Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS) was obtained from WELGENE Inc. (Taipei, Taiwan). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was acquired from Lonza (Walkersville, MD, United States). All reagents were used without further purification.

Polycarbonate diols (M_w = 1000 g/mol) and (M_w = 3000 g/mol) were purchased from UBE Industries, LTD., Tokyo, Japan. 4,4-Methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide (HEDS), and dopamine hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. Chloroform and dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co., Ltd. Graphene oxide powder (GO-V30, average lateral dimension: ≈30 μm) was purchased from Standard Graphene Inc., Ulsan, Korea. A 1 M tris-HCl solution (pH 8.5) was purchased from Biosesang, Korea.

Deuterium oxide, 2′ 7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA), Fucoidan standard, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), propidium iodide (PI), acridine orange, ethidium bromide, 2-mercaptoethanol, o-Toluidine blue, trifluoroacetic acid, Hoechst 33342, and sodium dodecyl sulfate were bought from Sigma-Aldrich Co (St. Louis, MO, USA). Celluclast was obtained from Novozyme (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Polyvinylidene fluoride membranes were obtained from Millipore (Schwalbach, Germany). Analytical grade solvents chloroform, methanol, and ethanol were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals (Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), and penicillin/streptomycin mixture were acquired from GIBCO INC. (Grand Island, NY, USA). Antibodies for western blot analysis were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).