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49 protocols using fura 2 acetoxymethyl ester fura 2 am

1

Fura-2-AM and DiSC3(5) Calcium Signaling

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Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2-AM) and 3’,3’,3’-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide [DiSC3(5)] were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). ω-conotoxin MVIIC, rottlerin, 2-[1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)indol-3-yl]-3-(indol-3-yl) maleimide (GF109203X), 5,6,7,13-tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-12H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-12-propanenitrile (Go6976) and N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H89) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Echinacoside, dantrolene, dl-threo-beta-benzyl-oxyaspartate (dl-TBOA), 7-chloro-5-(2-chloropheny)-1,5-dihydro-4,1-benzothiazepin-2(3H)-one (CGP37157), 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) (PD98059), ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and all other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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2

Cellular Uptake of HIV-1 Tat Protein

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Materials were obtained from the following sources: HIV-1 Tat (Clade B, 1–86 amino acids) was acquired from Prospec Tany TechnoGene Ltd. (Rehovot, Israel); Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum, horse serum, and fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2-AM) were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA); recombinant rat low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein associated protein 1 (RAP) was purchased from Fitzgerald Industries International (Concord, MA).
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3

Calcium and Glucose Homeostasis Protocols

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Potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl) were purchased from Samchun Chemical (Seoul, South Korea). Calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), and alpha-D-glucose were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO). Fetal bovine serum was obtained from Lonza (Walkersville, MD), and penicillin-streptomycin was purchased from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA). Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (fura-2/AM) was obtained from Invitrogen (F-1225; Eugene, OR). RPMI 1640 was purchased from Welgene (Seoul, South Korea). Collagenase P (from Clostridium histolyticum; 11213865001) was obtained from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN). All of the solutions were prepared using Milli-Q deionized water (Millipore, 18.2 MΩ/cm at 25°C). All of the buffer solutions used in the experiments contained 125 mM NaCl, 5.9 mM KCl, 2.56 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgCl2, 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), and various concentrations of glucose (3–15 mM as indicated). The buffer was supplemented with 1 mg/mL BSA (fraction V; USB 10857; Cleveland, OH). Bovine pancreas insulin (I6634) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
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4

TA-Induced Calcium Signaling Assay

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Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), penicillin and streptomycin were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). TA was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and a stock solution of 10 mM was prepared by dissolving TA powder in ddH2O at room temperature. Thapsigargin, 2-APB, and Pyr6 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2-AM) was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). ER tracker was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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5

Platelet Activation and Signaling Assay

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Serotonin hydrochloride, pizotifen and ADP were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), cyproheptadine and EMD 281014 were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK), clopidogrel was purchased from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN), stir bars and other disposables were from Chrono-Log (Havertown, PA), and U46619 was obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). Src antibody, FITC-conjugated Annexin V, anti–P-selectin, and PAC-1 antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA). The anti-phosphotyrosine antibody was from BD Biosciences, (Franklin Lakes, NJ). Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (fura-2/AM) and Pluronic® F-127 were from Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY). The C57BL/6 mice were obtained from Jackson laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). Platelet count was determined using an automated hematology analyzer (Drew Scientific Dallas, TX).
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6

Calcium and Glucose Signaling in Cells

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Potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl) were purchased from Samchun Chemical (Seoul, South Korea). Calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), and alpha-D-glucose were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO). Fetal bovine serum was obtained from Lonza (Walkersville, MD), and penicillin-streptomycin was purchased from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA). Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (fura-2/AM) was obtained from Invitrogen (F-1225; Eugene, OR). RPMI 1640 was purchased from Welgene (Seoul, South Korea). Collagenase P (from Clostridium histolyticum; 11213865001) was obtained from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN). All of the solutions were prepared using Milli-Q deionized water (Millipore, 18.2 MΩ/cm at 25°C). All of the buffer solutions used in the experiments contained 125 mM NaCl, 5.9 mM KCl, 2.56 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgCl2, 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), and various concentrations of glucose (3–15 mM as indicated). The buffer was supplemented with 1 mg/mL BSA (fraction V; USB 10857; Cleveland, OH).
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7

Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Assays

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Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), foetal bovine serum (FBS) and other cell culture reagents were procured from Hi-Media Laboratories. Acridine orange (AO), ethidium bromide (EB), trypan blue, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) and rhodamine-123(R-123) were obtained from Hi-Media Laboratories, India. Doxorubicin hydrochloride, p-coumaric acid, sulphorhodamine-B (SRB), dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, USA. Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2AM) was purchased from Invitrogen.
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8

Evaluation of Novel Calcium Modulators

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Pyr3, NPS-2143, and SKF-96365 were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN). 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), l-phenylalanine (L-Phe), Pyr6, Pyr10 and 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cell culture media, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin), glutamine, and Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2-AM) were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). ER tracker was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). All chemicals were analytical grade.
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9

Fura-2-AM Calcium Imaging Protocol

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L-Phenylalanine (L-Phe), Pyr6, and Pyr10 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2-AM) was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). All the chemicals used were analytical grade.
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10

Calcium Signaling Pathway Inhibitors

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NPS-2143 (catalog #: 3626) and SKF-96365 (catalog #: 1147) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN). Calcium chloride, monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, sodium oxalate, hydrogen peroxide solution, L-ornithine monohydrate (catalog #: O2375), Pyr6 (catalog #: SML1241), Pyr10 (catalog #: SML1243), and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB; catalog #: D9754) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS; catalog #: 26140079), penicillin and streptomycin and Fura-2-acetoxymethylester (Fura-2-AM) were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). All the chemicals used were analytical grade.
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