3 hpa

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany

3-HPA is a chemical compound used for laboratory applications. It serves as a chemical intermediate and building block in various research and development processes.

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3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA (2 citations)

6 protocols using 3 hpa

Sourcing Aromatic Compounds 4-HPA and 3-HPA

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The aromatic compounds 4-HPA and 3-HPA were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (purity 98%; St. Louis, MO, United States).

Rodríguez-Castro L., Durán R.E., Méndez V., Dorochesi F., Zühlke D., Riedel K, & Seeger M. (2024). The long-chain flavodoxin FldX1 improves the biodegradation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and 3-hydroxyphenylacetate and counteracts the oxidative stress associated to aromatic catabolism in Paraburkholderia xenovorans. Biological Research, 57, 12.

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Biochemical Precursor Sourcing

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2‐HPA, 3‐HPA, 4‐HPA, l‐phenylalanine and homogentisic acid were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). PA, l‐tyrosine, d(‐)‐fructose and l(+)‐arabinose were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Donoso R.A., Ruiz D., Gárate‐Castro C., Villegas P., González‐Pastor J.E., de Lorenzo V., González B, & Pérez‐Pantoja D. (2021). Identification of a self‐sufficient cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134 involved in 2‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid catabolism, via homogentisate pathway. Microbial Biotechnology, 14(5), 1944-1960.

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Comparative Antimicrobial Evaluation of Natural Extract

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LA, AA, PA, BA, 3-HPA, sodium chloride (NaCl), linolenic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, HCl, methanol, ampicillin (Amp), and chloramphenicol (Chl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). ¹³C6-3NPH·HCl (purity ≥ 98%), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) and pyridine were purchased from Cayman (Ann Arbor, MI). Shrimp Best (SB), comprising a standardized extract of Spanish needles and bitter melon at an equal ratio, was manufactured by Eubiotics (Taiwan) using good manufacturing practice guidelines. This extract is a fine, light olive green powder with a relatively uniform granularity. Individual particles are irregular in shape with a particle size of 100–200 microns. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used for quality control. Tryptone Soy broth (TSB) or agar (TSA), de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) medium, thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) media, and agar were purchased from Becton Dickinson (Sparks, MD). Plate count agar was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. L. johnsonii (ATCC 33,200) and V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17,802) were cultured with shaking under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively, at 37 °C for 16 h. Amp (30 µg/mL) and Chl (25 µg/mL) were used in this study unless indicated otherwise.

Lee Y.S., Umam K., Kuo T.F., Yang Y.L., Feng C.S, & Yang W.C. (2024). Functional and mechanistic studies of a phytogenic formulation, Shrimp Best, in growth performance and vibriosis in whiteleg shrimp. Scientific Reports, 14, 11584.

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Microbial Metabolite Profiling Protocol

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LA, AA, BA, PA, and 3-HPA (Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany), ¹³C₆-3NPH·HCl (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) were purchased. The phytogenic formulation, EUBIO-BPSG, composed of B. pilosa phytochemicals and glutamate, was manufactured and its quality control was performed by Eubiotics Co. (Taipei, Taiwan). Bacterial strains, plasmids, bacterial media, and PCR primers are listed in Tables S2–S5, respectively.

Tran Nguyen Minh H., Kuo T.F., Lin W.Y., Peng T.C., Yang G., Lin C.Y., Chang T.H., Yang Y.L., Ho C.H., Ou B.R., Yang C.W., Liang Y.C, & Yang W.C. (2023). A Novel Phytogenic Formulation, EUBIO-BPSG, as a Promising One Health Approach to Replace Antibiotics and Promote Reproduction Performance in Laying Hens. Bioengineering, 10(3), 346.

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Grape Seed Polyphenol Extraction and Characterization

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The GSPE used in these studies was a gift from Polyphenolics, Inc. (Madera, CA). This GSPE is a highly purified, 100% water-soluble experimental polyphenolic extract from Vitis vinifera grape seeds (Polyphenolics, Inc., CA, USA). The polyphenolic component in this GSPE is comprised entirely of CT and EC, derivatives of CT and EC (e.g., eipcatechin gallate, in which epicatechin is modified with the addition of a gallic acid), and PACs, which are polymeric compounds derived from C, EC, and their derivatives[14 (link), 18 (link)]. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrates that this GSPE is comprised primarily of CT and EC in the form of monomeric, oligomers, and polymeric PAC forms, with approximately 8% as monomers, 75% as oligomers, and 17% as polymers [14 (link), 18 (link)]. β-glucuronidase (with sulfatase contamination) and the phenolic standards (+)-C, (−)-EC, 3-HPA, 3,4-diHPA, and HA, were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). 3-3HPP, 3,4-diHPP, 3-HBA, 4-HBA, and PA were obtained from Lancaster Synthesis (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA). All extraction and HPLC solvents were certified HPLC and ACS grade and were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ).

Wang D., Ho L., Faith J., Ono K., Janle E.M., Lachcik P.J., Cooper B.R., Jannasch A.H., D’Arcy B.R., Williams B.A., Ferruzzi M.G., Levine S., Zhao W., Dubner L, & Pasinetti G.M. (2015). Role of intestinal microbiota in the generation of polyphenol derived phenolic acid mediated attenuation of Alzheimer’s disease β-amyloid oligomerization. Molecular nutrition & food research, 59(6), 1025-1040.

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MALDI-TOF MS Profiling of Synthetic miRNA

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All solvents and reagents were analytical reagent grade or better. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). LC-MS quality acetonitrile (MeCN), and methanol (MeOH) were supplied by Panreac AppliChem (Barcelona, Spain).
LC-MS quality water was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Barcelona, Spain). THAP (≥99.5%), ATT (≥99.0%), 3-HPA (≥98.0%), ammonium citrate dibasic (AC) (≥99.0%), pyridine (PYR) (≥99.8%) and butylamine (BA) (≥99.0%) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Synthetic miRNA: hsa-miR-21-5p (miR-21), hsa-let-7g-5p (let-7g) and hsa-miR-16-5p with 3'-uridylation (iso-miR-16) were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (Leuven, Belgium).

Salim H., Giménez E., Sanz-Nebot V, & Benavente F. (2020). Ionic matrices for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis of microRNA biomarkers. Analytica chimica acta, 1139.

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