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5 protocols using texas red conjugated secondary antibody

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Corneal Tissue

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Formalin-fixed corneas were embedded in paraffin, and 4-μm sections were prepared for examination. To detect DDR1, corneal sections were incubated with anti-DDR1 antibody (dilution, 1:500; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 1 h and washed three times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Corneal sections were then treated with a Texas Red-conjugated secondary antibody (Abcam, USA) and stained with Hoechst solution to visualize the nuclei prior to examination by fluorescence microscopy at 100× magnification. To assess lymphangiogenesis, a corneal flat mount was utilized for lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) immunostaining. For this assay, whole corneas were isolated from the eye and incubated with anti-mouse LYVE-1 antibody (1:500; Abcam) for 16 h at 4°C. After three washes with PBS for 15 min, corneas were stained with a Texas Red-conjugated secondary antibody (Abcam). The stained areas were calculated by ImageJ software version 4.01 (NIH, USA), and values were expressed as ratios to measurements obtained from animals treated with the scrambled control.
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2

Immunochemical Characterization of 4-HPR Metabolism

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Formalin fixed cells were incubated with vimentin (1:200, Abcam, Cambridge, MA) or a pancytokeratin cocktail (AE1/AE3 + 5D3, 1:100, Abcam,) antibodies, followed by incubation with FITC or Texas Red conjugated secondary antibodies (Abcam, Cambridge, MA) [17 (link)]. Nuclei were stained with 4′,6′-Diaminidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI, Abcam). Fluorescence microscopy images were obtained by using an Olympus BX51 microscope (Olympus, Japan), NikonDS-Fi1 digital camera (Nikon, Japan) and ImagePro 6.0 (Media-Cybernetics, Bethesda, MD). Immunoblot analyses were conducted to determine presence or absence of 4-HPR metabolizing enzymes (CYPs 3A4, 2C8, 26A1) and UDP glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) in accordance with our previously published method [18 ]. Additional characterization studies entailed a time-course assessment of intracellular levels of 4-HPR during 4-HPR treatment with concurrent 4-HPR medium evaluation using LC-MS/MS analyses as previously described [11 (link)].
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3

Immunocytochemical Analysis of CD46 in HUVECs

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Immunocytochemistry was performed on HUVECs treated with anti-miRNAs and miRNA mimics. The cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline for 20 min, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 30 min, and blocked with 5% FBS in PBST for 30 min. CD46 was probed using primary antibodies for CD46 (1:100; Abcam, Cambridge, UK; Cat# ab789) and Texas Red conjugated secondary antibodies (1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK; Cat# ab7066). 0.1 μg/mL Hoechst 33342 (Biotium, Foster City, CA, USA) was used for visualising the nucleus. The images were viewed and analysed using LSM710 confocal imaging software (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany).
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4

Immunofluorescence Quantification of Actin Dynamics

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Adherent cells were wounded with a sterile pipette tip, washed with PBS, followed by 5uM or 10uM 4-HPR for 24 hours in Complete Medium. Post-treatment, cells were extracted with 0.1% Triton X-100/PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized, blocked, and probed with Alexa Fluoro 488-conjugated phalloidin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and DAPI (Vector Laboratories, Inc, Burlingame, CA). For co-localization studies, cells were first incubated with anti-tubulin antibody (1:500, Abcam, Cambridge, MA) and its Texas Red conjugated secondary antibody (1:1000, Abcam) for 1 hour at room temperature, and subsequently incubated with phalloidin and DAPI. Fluorescence microscopy images were obtained by using an Apotome Fluorescence Microscope (Carl Zeiss), and AxioVision software (Carl Zeiss).
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5

Quantifying Corneal Lymphangiogenesis via Immunostaining

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Formalin-fixed corneas from each group of animal were embedded in paraffin and 4 μm sections were prepared for examination. To access lymphangiogenesis, corneal sections were stained with and anti-mouse lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor (LYVE)-1 antibody (1:500; Abcam, Eugene, OR, USA) for 16 h at 4°C. After three washes with PBS for 15 min, the sections were then stained with a Texas Red-conjugated secondary antibody (Abcam). To detect F-actin, corneal sections were incubated with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin (dilution 1:500, Abcam) for 1 h and washed three times with PBS. The stained sections were incubated with hoechst solution to stain nucleus before examined by fluorescence microscopy at 100× magnification.
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