3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT),
monodansylcadaverine (MDC), acridine orange were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis,
Missouri). 3‐Methyladenine (3‐MA, class III PI3K inhibitor) was obtained from
Calbiochem (La Jolla, California). Antibodies against the cleaved form of caspase‐3,
caspase‐8, Beclin‐1, and PARP were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly,
MA). Antibodies against LC3 (Sigma) were also used. The p62/SQSTM1, caspase‐9,
ATG5‐ATG12 complex, GAPDH, mouse antiactin antibody, mouse antirabbit IgG antibody,
and rabbit antimouse IgG antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology
(Santa Cruz, California). All other chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma
unless otherwise specified.