Hydrochloric acid hcl

Deionized water (arium pro UV, Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Goettingen, Germany) with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ was used for all experiments. Reagents were commercially available and used without further purification. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH; special grade, Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) and hydrochloric acid (HCl; Kanto Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) were used for the pH adjustment of reagents and medium. 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl ethane sulphonate (HEPES; Nacalai Tesque) was used as a buffer reagent in culture medium. Special grade sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂PO₄) and disodium hydrogen arsenate heptahydrate (As(V)), both from Wako Pure Chemical (Osaka, Japan), were used as the phosphate and arsenic sources, respectively, in the culture medium.

Standard compounds including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechol, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, ellagic acid, cinnamic acid, apigenin, (+)-catechin, esculetin, fisetin, galangin, isohamnetin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, rhamnetin, and rutin, were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Reagents including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), dibutyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent, aluminium (III) chloride hexahydrate (AlCl₃·6H₂O), β-carotene, linoleic acid, polyoxyethylen esorbitan monopalmitate (Tween-40), trichloroacetic acid (CCl₃COOH), iron (III) chloride (FeCl₃), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), disodium hydrogenphosphate (Na₂HPO₄), sodium dihydrogenphosphate (NaH₂PO₄), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and hydrochloric acid (HCl), were obtained from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan. All chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Chitosan (CH) (CAS: 9012-76-4) (deacetylation rate (after drying ≥ 80%)) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). Synthetic zeolite (ZL) was supplied from Tosoh Ltd (Shunan-shi, Japan). Acid red 88 (AR88) (CAS: 1658-56-6), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (CAS: 1310-73-2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) (CAS: 7647-01-0), sodium chloride (NaCl) (CAS: 7647-14-5), and acetic acid (CH₃COOH) (CAS: 64-19-7) were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co. Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). The general characteristics of AR88 are shown in Table 1.