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18 protocols using ds ri1 ccd camera

1

Synthesizing Digoxigenin-Labeled RNA Probes for In Situ Hybridization

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Digoxigenin-UTP-labeled antisense RNA probes were synthesized in vitro using a linearized plasmid or PCR product as template. The templates for dlx3b and ntla were linearized as previously reported 31 (link), while those for alkbh4, atrn, mpi and ranbp10 were amplified with the following primers:
alkbh4:
5'-CTCCAGAAGAATGATCTGATTC-3' (forward) and
5'-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCACTTTACATTTGTGCAATTGAAC-3' (reverse);
atrn:
5'-GTGGCATTGGAGACGGACGAGGAGC-3' (forward) and
5'-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCAGTTAGCGCACCAAACATGCACAC-3' (reverse);
mpi:
5'-TCTGTCCGGAGACTGTGTGGAGTGTATGGC-3' (forward) and
5'-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGGAAGCGTCTCCTACAGTAAGCAGCACGCTC-3' (reverse);
ranbp10:
5'-CTCATTTGCACAGCACAGGCGCAGACAGTC-3' (forward) and
5'-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGGCTTCTGGCAAGCGGCACACCAATTC-3' (reverse).
Whole-mount in situ hybridization was performed as previously described 31 (link). Embryos after whole-mount in situ hybridization were immersed in glycerol and photographed using the Ds-Ri1 CCD camera under a Nikon SMZ1500 stereoscope.
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2

Immunohistochemical and Immunofluorescence Analysis of Germ Cells

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IHC and IF procedures were performed as described previously [30 (link)]. Antibodies were diluted as follows: MVH (1:500, Abcam, ab13840), WDR62 (1:400, Bethyl, A301-560A), DAZL (1:100, AbD Serotec, MCA2336), STRA8 (1:200, Abcam, ab49405), SYCP3 (1:200, Abcam, ab15093), γH2AX (1:400, Millipore, 05–636), Ki67 (1:200, Abcam, ab15580). After staining, the sections were examined with a Nikon microscopy, and images were captured with a Nikon DS-Ri1 CCD camera. The IF sections were examined using a confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss Inc., Thornwood, NY). TUNEL assay was performed using the DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL System (Promega, G3250).
For quantitative analyses, more than three biological replicates from the control and experimental groups were performed. Paraffin-embedded ovaries and testes were serially sectioned and at least three sections apart were stained for observation. Within the group, at least three cross sections from each animal were examined. Around 1000 germ cells were counted in each group. The quantification of germ cells number (GCs number) was normalized to the control group. We considered the number of germ cells in the control group as 1, then the number of germ cells in other groups were quantified relative to the number of germ cells in the control group.
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3

Measuring Chromosome Signals with Microscopy

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Images were captured using a Nikon DS Ri1 CCD camera attached to a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i microscope. Image adjustment and chromosomal straightening were carried out using ImageJ software. The length of the chromosome and the distance from the signal to the end of the chromosome were measured using NIS-Elements microscope imaging software (Nikon). The relative distance to the signal was calculated by the formula: Distance from the end of the short arm to the signal × 100 %/length of the pachytene chromosome.
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4

Apoptosis Detection in Testicular Cells

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Apoptosis detection of testicular cells was conducted with the Promega DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL System in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The paraffin‐embedded testis sections were assayed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) method to detect internucleosomal DNA fragmentation that is characteristic of apoptosis. The green fluorescence of apoptotic cells was detected in a blue background using the Nikon microscope, and the images were captured by the Nikon DS‐Ri1 CCD camera.
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5

Immunostaining of Ovarian Tissue

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Ovaries used for immunostaining were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (pH 7.4) overnight at 4 ℃, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin-embedded ovaries were cut into sections of 5-μm thickness. Then, the sections were deparaffinized, immersed in sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0), and heated for 15 min in a microwave for antigen retrieval. After blocking with 5% donkey serum albumin, sections were incubated with primary antibodies at 4 °C overnight. For immunohistochemistry, the sections were treated with 3% H2O2 to eliminate internal peroxidase activity and incubated with an appropriate horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody. Finally, the signal of primary antibody was detected by the Vectastain ABC kit (Vector Laboratories, CA, USA) and the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Images were captured using a Nikon DS-Ri1 CCD camera. For immunofluorescence, the sections were incubated with an appropriate FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. The nuclei were stained with DAPI. Images were captured using a laser scanning confocal microscope (Zeiss 780 META).
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6

Apoptosis Detection in Testicular Tissue

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Apoptotic cells in testicular tissue were performed with DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL System (Promega). The paraffin‐embedded sections of testis were assayed by TUNEL method to detect internucleosomal DNA fragmentation that is characteristic of apoptosis. The apoptotic cells were labelled with green fluorescence signal in a blue background by a Nikon light microscope, and the images were captured by the Nikon DS‐Ri1 CCD camera.
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7

TUNEL Assay for Cell Death

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TUNEL assays were conducted with the In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein (Promega BioSciences, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA), as recommended. The images were captured by Nikon DS-Ri1 CCD camera.
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8

Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL Assay Protocol

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IHC and IF procedures were performed as described previously (Chen et al., 2019 (link); Qin et al., 2019 (link)). Antibodies were diluted as follows: MVH (1:500, Abcam, ab13840), PLZF (1:100, R&D, AF2944), PRMT5 (1:200, Millipore, 07-405), SOX9 (1:500, Millipore, AB5535), STRA8 (1:200, Abcam, ab49405), SYCP3 (1:200, Abcam, ab15093), Ki67 (1:400, Abcam, ab15580), and PH3 (1:400, Millipore, 2605439). After staining, the sections were examined with a Nikon microscopy, and images were captured with a Nikon DS-Ri1 CCD camera. The IF sections were examined using a confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss Inc., Thornwood, NY, United States). TUNEL assay was performed using the Dead-End Fluorometric TUNEL System (Promega, G3250).
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9

Immunohistochemistry and Follicle Counting Protocol

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Immunohistochemistry procedures were performed as described previously (Gao et al., 2006 (link)). Stained sections were examined with a Nikon microscope, and images were captured by a Nikon DS-Ri1 CCD camera. For immunofluorescence analysis, the 5 μm sections were incubated with 5% BSA in 0.3% Triton X-100 for 1 hr after rehydration and antigen retrieval. The sections were then incubated with the primary antibodies for 1.5 hr and the corresponding FITC-conjugated donkey anti-goat IgG (1:150, Jackson ImmunoResearch, 705-095-147) and Cy3-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (1:300, Jackson ImmunoResearch, 711-165-152) for 1 hr at room temperature. The following primary antibodies were used: WT1 (Abcam, ab89901), FOXL2 (Abcam, ab5096), CYP11A1 (Proteintech, 13363-1-AP), SF1 (Proteintech, 18658-1-AP), and 3β-HSD (Santa Cruz, sc-30820). After being washed three times in PBS, the nuclei were stained with DAPI. The sections were examined with a confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss Inc, Thornwood, NY).
For follicle counting analysis, whole ovaries from control and Prmt5flox/flox;Sf1+/cre female mice at 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks of age were serially sectioned at 5 μm thickness (n = 3/time point/genotype), and follicles were counted on every five sections.
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10

Arabidopsis Leaf Structure Analysis

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For cellular structure analysis, Arabidopsis leaves were fixed in a solution containing 70% ethanol, 5% glacial acetic acid, and 3.7% formaldehyde for 24h at room temperature; this solution was then replaced twice with 70% ethanol. After dehydration through an ethanol series of 80, 90, and 100%, the fixed leaves were embedded into Technovit 7100 resin (Heraeus Kulzer) and polymerized at 37 °C for 3 d. The sample blocks were sectioned into 2 μm thick slices with a microtome (Leica) and stained with 0.25% toluidine blue O (Merck). Images were captured with a Nikon D40 camera or Nikon Eclipse80i microscope equipped with a Nikon DS-Ri1 CCD camera.
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