Thymol methyl ether, Carvacrol methyl ether, (+)-2-carene, 1-octen-3-ol, myrcene, trans-anethole, α-terpineol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Carvacrol, γ-terpinene, 3-carene, p-cymene, camphene, α-terpinene, terpinolene, (+/−)-α-pinene, (−/−)-β-pinene, R-(+)-limonene, S-(−)-limonene, were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Thymol, linalool, α-phellandrene were purchased from Merck Millipore (Boston, MA, USA). All reagents and solvents have European Pharmacopoeia quality.
Trans anethole
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Spain, Germany
Trans-anethole is a naturally occurring organic compound found in various plant essential oils, such as anise, fennel, and star anise. It is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a distinctive licorice-like aroma. Trans-anethole is commonly used as a flavoring agent and in the production of fragrances.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Linalool, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Thymol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Carvacrol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Eugenol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
α terpineol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tween 80, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Loba Chemie (2 mentions)
Menthol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Reference a system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Geraniol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Myrcene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 octen 3 ol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
α phellandrene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Camphene, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
Carvacrol, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
3 carene, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
α pinene, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
β pinene, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
2 carene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Penicillin g sodium salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
17 protocols using trans anethole
1
Essential Oil Compounds Procurement
2
Antimicrobial Evaluation of Antibiotics and Essential Oils
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The β-lactam antibiotics (Figure 4 ) methicillin sodium salt (≥95% purity) and penicillin G sodium salt (>96% purity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Concentrations of the antibiotics from 1000 to 0.12 mg/L were prepared by dissolving the medicines in 2% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Loba Chemie, Mumbai, India) and diluting with Mueller–Hinton broth (MHB; Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany).
The ten EOCs (Figure 4 ) used in this study, 1,8-cineole (99% purity), eugenol (≥98% purity), linalool (≥96% purity), linalyl acetate (≥97% purity), thymol (≥99% purity), menthone (98% purity), menthol (>99% purity), and β-caryophyllene (>95% purity), were purchased from ErnestoVentós, S.A. (Barcelona, Spain), whereas carvacrol (99% purity) and trans-anethole (99% purity) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Concentrations of the EOCs from 500 to 0.12 µL/mL were prepared by dissolving constituents in 1% (v/v) Tween 80 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) and diluting with MHB. Using the known densities of EOCs, the results were expressed in mg/mL.
The ten EOCs (
3
Anethole Modulates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion
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Rats were randomized into five groups (n = 6) following the experimental design stated in Table 1 . The sham group of animals was only subjected to bilateral renal artery separation but without artery clamping. The sham + anethole group was treated similarly to the sham group; however, the animals were given anethole (trans-anethole: Catalogue No; 117870, Merck (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)), in a dose of 250 mg/kg, dissolved in 1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in saline orally via gastric lavage for 14 days before the surgery. The RIR group represented the animal group where the renal injury was performed in rats by renal ischemia/reperfusion surgery (RIR). In RIR + anethole groups, the animals were administered anethole 125 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg orally for 14 day before the renal ischemia/reperfusion surgery, as mentioned above, and subjected to the RIR surgery [26 (link),27 (link)].
4
Ternary Mixtures: Solubility Phase Diagrams
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The ternary mixtures in our
experiments were made out of water (produced by a reference A+ system,
Merck Millipore, at 18.2 MΩ cm and 25 °C), ethanol (Boom,
100% (v/v), technical grade), and trans-anethole
(tA, Sigma-Aldrich, 99%). Initial mass fraction cα of the different mixtures is listed inTable 1 , where α refers
to ethanol (e), water (w), and trans-anethole (tA).
For solutions of the same mass fraction, the error is of 0.1 wt %
as prepared for different runs of experiments.Figure 1 a shows the same mass fractions in a ternary
solubility phase diagram. The mixtures were classified into four groups:
low (blue), intermediate-low (red), intermediate-high (yellow), and
high (green) oil concentrations (seeFigure 1 a), according to the characteristics of the
phase separation.
experiments were made out of water (produced by a reference A+ system,
Merck Millipore, at 18.2 MΩ cm and 25 °C), ethanol (Boom,
100% (v/v), technical grade), and trans-anethole
(tA, Sigma-Aldrich, 99%). Initial mass fraction cα of the different mixtures is listed in
to ethanol (e), water (w), and trans-anethole (tA).
For solutions of the same mass fraction, the error is of 0.1 wt %
as prepared for different runs of experiments.
solubility phase diagram. The mixtures were classified into four groups:
low (blue), intermediate-low (red), intermediate-high (yellow), and
high (green) oil concentrations (see
phase separation.
5
Testosterone Enanthate and Antioxidant Effects
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Drugs and materials were obtained as follows:
Testosterone enanthate (IM) (Caspian, Iran), transanethole (Sigma, China), metformin (Sigma, India), and
olive oil (Farabi, Iran). Enzyme immunoassay kits were
used for measurement of insulin (Cayman Chemical,
USA) by ELIZA (14 (link)) and materials for measurement
of oxidative stress marker were obtained from Merck
(Germany). All chemicals and reagents for histological
assessments were purchased from Farzan Azma (Iran).
Testosterone enanthate (IM) (Caspian, Iran), transanethole (Sigma, China), metformin (Sigma, India), and
olive oil (Farabi, Iran). Enzyme immunoassay kits were
used for measurement of insulin (Cayman Chemical,
USA) by ELIZA (14 (link)) and materials for measurement
of oxidative stress marker were obtained from Merck
(Germany). All chemicals and reagents for histological
assessments were purchased from Farzan Azma (Iran).
6
Pharmacological Modulation of Neurotransmitter Systems
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Trans-anethole (ANE) was obtained from Sigma Co. (USA). Its linear formula is CH3CH = CHC6H4OCH3, with formula weight of 148.20. According to Sigma report, the degree of purity is > 99%. In addition, sulpiride (Sul; a specific D2 dopamine antagonist), reserpine (Res; a vesicular monoamine depleter), SCH-23390(SCH; a specific D1 dopamine antagonist), WAY-100135 (WAY, a specific 5-HT1A antagonist) ketanserin (Ket; a specific 5HT2A/C blocker), and p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA; a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor), and haloperidol (Hal; as non-specific dopamine antagonist) were obtained from Sigma Co. (USA). Yohimbine (Yoh; an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist) and prazosin (Praz; an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist) were obtained from Iran Daru and Razak Co. (Iran), respectively. Moreover, imipramine (Imp) and fluoxetine (Flx) were obtained from Pars Darou Co. (Iran). All drugs and ANE were given through the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route, in a volume 0.2 ml/20 g body weight. Moreover, the solvent of ANE or drugs was normal saline (0.9%) plus DMSO (5%). A vehicle-treated control received normal saline plus DMSO (5%).
7
Th17/Treg Cell Regulatory Mechanisms
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LPS, dexamethasone and trans-anethole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Oligo DNA was purchased from Shanghai Bio-engineering Co. (Shanghai, China). TransScript First-Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix was obtained from TransGen Biotech (Beijing, China). SuperReal PreMix Plus was obtained from Tiangen (Beijing, China). PE-labeled anti-mouse IL-17 and IL-10, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled anti-mouse CD4, Alexa Fluor® 647-labeled anti-mouse Foxp3, anti-mouse M1/70+ and anti-mouse F4\80+ were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA). The PE anti-mouse Foxp3 Staining Set was from eBioscience (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).
8
Liposome Preparation and Characterization
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Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) (≥ 99%) and trizma base (buffer reagent) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Swiss. Triton X-100, sodium chloride (NaCl) and Sephadex G25 gel were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Belgium. Sodium azide, ammonium molybdate, hydrogen peroxide, potassium dihydrogenophosphate, sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, menthol, eugenol, chloroform and methanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. Linalool was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland. Trans-Anethole was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Spain. Geraniol and nerolidol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Sulforhodamin B and camphor were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, China. Borneol, bornyl acetate, p-cymene, ɑterpinene and ɣ-terpinene were purchased from Fluka Chemical, Switzerland. 4-amino-3hydroxyl-1-naphtalene sulfonic acid was purchased from Fluka, India. Anisole was purchased from Fluka, Germany. Guaiacol, thymol, estragole, isoeugenol were purchased from ACROS Organics, New Jersey, USA. The sulfuric acid was purchased from ACROS Organics, Belgium.
The diethylether was purchased from VWR-Prolabo Chemicals, Belgium. β-caryophyllene and eugenyl acetate were purchased from SAFC, USA. Linalyl acetate was purchased from SAFC, Spain. ɑ-Phellandrene was purchased from SAFC, Germany. Camphene was purchased from MERCK, Schurchardt.
The diethylether was purchased from VWR-Prolabo Chemicals, Belgium. β-caryophyllene and eugenyl acetate were purchased from SAFC, USA. Linalyl acetate was purchased from SAFC, Spain. ɑ-Phellandrene was purchased from SAFC, Germany. Camphene was purchased from MERCK, Schurchardt.
9
Ultrapure Water Ethanol Anethole Protocol
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Ultra-pure water, of resistivity 18.2 MO, produced using a Purelab Chorus I water purifier, along with HPLC gradient grade ethanol (purity Z99.8%), supplied by Fluka Analytical and trans-anethole (purity Z99%), purchased from Sigma Aldrich, were used in this study. All chemicals were used as supplied.
10
Phytochemical Standard Acquisition and Preparation
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Pure chemical standards of selected plant secondary metabolites were acquired from commercial sources. trans-anethole (99%), benzaldehyde (≥99.5%), caffeic acid (98%), caffeine (pure), δ-3-carene (90%), carvacrol (98%), trans-β-caryophyllene (≥98.5%), catechin (98%), citral (95%), citronellal (96%), p-coumaric acid (98%), p-cymene (99%), 1-decanol (≥98%), 1-dodecanol (≥98%), 1-tridecanol (97%), 1-undecanol (99%), eugenol (99%), geraniol (98%), isopulegol (99%), limonene (97%), linalool (98%), methyl salicylate (≥99%), menthol (99%), 2-octyl-1-decanol (97%), piperitone (analytical standard), α-pinene (≥99%), β-pinene (analytical standard), 3-octanol (analytical standard), pulegone (96%), quercetin (≥95%), sabinene (75%), α-terpineol (≥96%), terpinen-4-ol (≥95%), γ-terpinene (97%), thymol (99%), and 2-undecanone (99%) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Lisboa, Portugal); ferulic acid (for research only), gallic acid (for research only), and gentisic acid (for research only) were acquired from Extrasynthèse (Genay, France). All compounds were diluted in acetone (99.8%, Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG.Portugal) to an initial concentration of 200 mg/mL. Phytochemical stock solutions were stored at −20 °C until used. The commercially available nematicide oxamyl (AFROMYL®, Epagro) was also tested at 2 mg/mL in water.
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