Hepa1 6

Human HCC cell line HCC-LM3 and mouse HCC cell line Hepa1-6 were purchased from the Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). All cells were cultured in complete Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin (all Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and were maintained at 37˚C in humidified air containing 5% CO₂.

Human liver cancer cell lines (Huh‐7, SK‐Hep‐1, Hep 3B, and Hep G2), murine liver cancer cell line (Hepa 1‐6), and HEK‐293T cells were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). The human immortalized liver cell line Hep Li5 was kindly donated by Professor Lanjuan Li (State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China) [21 (link)]. The cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were kindly donated by Zhentao Yang (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China) [22 (link)]. All cells in this study were cultured in the recommended medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) and maintained at 37°C in a 5% CO₂ incubator. A MycAway Plus‐Color Mycoplasma Test Kit (YEASEN, Shanghai, China) was used to detect mycoplasma contamination.

Mouse hepatocarcinoma cell lines Hepa1-6 and H22 were purchased from the China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC, Wuhan, China) and stored at the Three Gorges University Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy Laboratory. The Hepa1-6 cell line was cultured in DMEM (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA), and the H22 cell line was cultured in 1640 (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA), both supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Thermo Fisher) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Solarbio life sciences, Beijing, China) at 37°C under 5% CO₂.
Female BALB/c normal mice (6–8 weeks, 18–20 g) were purchased from the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). All mice were kept under specific pathogen-free conditions in the Animal Experimental Center of China Three Gorges University (Hubei, China). All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Experimental Committee of China Three Gorges University (Hubei, China)(ethical approval numbers:2021030CB). All procedures were performed following the guidelines of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China.