N n dimethylacetamide

PES was obtained from Changchun Jilin University Special Plastic Engineering Research, with a viscosity of 0.58. Sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) was prepared by direct sulfonation of poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) with sulfuric acid (98%) at 70 °C for 2 h^{39 (link)}. MgSO₄ (AR), H₂SO₄ (98%), tetrahydrofuran (AR), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc, AR) were purchased from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory. VOSO₄ (99%) was purchased from Haizhongtian Chemical Reagent Factory in Shen Yang, China. N-hexane (99.5%) was purchased from Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. MPD 99.5% and TMC 98% was purchased from Aladdin, Shanghai, and used as received.

Polyvinylidene fluoride powder (PVDF, FR904, Shanghai 3F New Materials Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), PET nuclear-track membrane (water contact angle of 60°, Liaoning Dongdaihe Tianzhirun Technology Co., Ltd, Suizhong, China, see Figure S1), nanosized SiO₂ aerogel powder (abbreviated as SiAG, Langfang Zall Thermal Insulation Material Co., Ltd., Langfang, China), anhydrous lithium chloride (LiCl, analytical reagent, Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), anhydrous ethanol (purity > 99.7%, Tianjin Jiangtian Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China), sodium chloride (NaCl, analytical reagent, Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) are commercially available. N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMA, analytical reagent), and acetone (AC analytical reagent) are from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory. These commercial chemicals were directly used without additional purification. Deionized (DI) water was purified through Dow XLE-2521 membranes in our lab (total conductivity < 2 μS·cm⁻¹).