Maltotetraose

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Maltotetraose is a carbohydrate compound consisting of four glucose units. It is a common laboratory reagent used in various biochemical and analytical applications.

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8 protocols using maltotetraose

Analytical Standards for Metabolomic Studies

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Analytical standards of arabinose, arabitol, L-ascorbic acid, citric acid, fructose, glucose, galactose, (-)-calcium hydroxycitrate tribasic [(-)-HCA], (-)-hydroxycitric acid lactone [(-)-HCAL], muco-inositol, myo-inositol, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, mannitol, pinitol, phenyl-β-glucoside (internal standard), raffinose, sucrose, and verbascose were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Derivatization reagents including hydroxylamine chloride, anhydrous pyridine, hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were also acquired from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Mena-García A., Bellaizac-Riascos A.J., Rada-Mendoza M., Chito-Trujillo D.M., Ruiz-Matute A.I, & Sanz M.L. (2022). Quality Evaluation of Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss Based on Garcinia cambogia. Nutrients, 14(15), 3077.

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Redox-Dependent Glycosyltransferase Activity

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AtSS1 protein (0.08 μg μL^-1) was reduced with 20 mM DTTred or oxidized with 20 mM trans-4,5-dihydroxy-1,2-dithiane (DTTox) for 105 min at 37°C. Activity was assayed using the default protocol with the following acceptors; glucose (Merck, 1.08342.2500), maltose (Sigma, M5895), maltotriose (Sigma, M8378), maltotetraose (Sigma, M8253), maltopentaose (Sigma, M8128), maltohexaose (Sigma, M9153), maltoheptaose (Sigma, M7753), maltooctaose (Carbosynth, OM069411101), and glycogen from rabbit liver, type III (Sigma, G8876). All acceptors were used at a concentration of 10 mM except for glycogen which was 1 mg mL^-1.

Skryhan K., Cuesta-Seijo J.A., Nielsen M.M., Marri L., Mellor S.B., Glaring M.A., Jensen P.E., Palcic M.M, & Blennow A. (2015). The Role of Cysteine Residues in Redox Regulation and Protein Stability of Arabidopsis thaliana Starch Synthase 1. PLoS ONE, 10(9), e0136997.

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Glycan Derivatization with Me-FRAGS Reagent

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Maltose, cellobiose, lactose, melibiose, isoMaltose, nigerose, kojibiose, sophorose, gentobiose, maltotetraose, and glucose tetrasaccharide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All solvents were of HPLC grade and were purchased from EMD Merck (Gibbstown, NJ, USA). All other chemicals for the synthesis of Me-FRAGS reagent were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The synthesis of the Me-FRAGS reagent and the glycan derivatization were achieved according to previously reported procedures.^{58 (link)} Me-FRAGS selectively couples with glycan epimers via derivatization at the unique reducing terminus in water in the presence of 10% acetic acid, which takes several hours at 50–70 °C. The introduction of the methyl group on the pyridine moiety was achieved by allowing the FRAGS-derivatized glycans to react with iodomethane in acetonitrile at room temperature for 6 h. The samples were dried via a vacuum concentrator and redissolved in 50/50 methanol/water (v/v).

Murtada R., Fabijanczuk K., Gaspar K., Dong X., Alzarieni K.Z., Calix K., Manriquez E., Bakestani R.M., Kenttämaa H.I, & Gao J. (2020). Free-Radical-Mediated Glycan Isomer Differentiation. Analytical chemistry, 92(20), 13794-13802.

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Wort Mashing and Composition Analysis

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Malt samples were mashed to make wort using a simple method [33] (link). FAN content was measured with a continuous flow analyzer (Skalar, the Netherlands). Sugars composition analysis were conducted with HPLC (Waters Alliance 2695, USA), appropriate concentrations of glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, maltotetraose, and maltotriose (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as internal standards.

Qin Q., Zhang L., Yin H., Yu J., Hu S., Zhang Z, & Liu J. (2024). Enhancing malting performance of harder barley varieties through ultrasound treatment. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 105, 106860.

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Analytical Standards for Carbohydrate Analysis

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All reagents were of analytical grade or better. Acetic acid from Normasolv (Barcelona, Spain), ammonium acetate, ammonium hydroxide from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain) and ethanol of analytical grade were purchased from Lab-Scan (Gliwice, Poland). Acetonitrile (ACN) and formic acid HPLC-MS grade were purchased from Fisher-Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). ESI-TOF Low concentration Tuning Mix G1969–85000 was purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA).
Analytical standards of β-4-galactosyl-lactose, maltotriose and maltotetraose were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). 6′-Sialyl-lactose (6′-SL) sodium salt, 3′-sialyl-lactose (3′-SL) sodium salt, 2′-fucosyl-lactose (2′-FL) and 3′-sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine were purchased from Carbosynth (Berkshire, UK). Standard solutions in ACN:water (50:50, v:v) were filtered through nylon FH membranes (0.22 µm; Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) before injection.

Martín-Ortiz A., Salcedo J., Barile D., Bunyatratchata A., Moreno F.J., Martin-García I., Clemente A., Sanz M.L, & Ruiz-Matute A.I. (2015). Characterization of goat colostrum oligosaccharides by nano-liquid chromatography on chip quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry. Journal of chromatography. A, 1428, 143-153.

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Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction Analysis

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Cyt c from horse heart (purity ≥ 95%) was obtained commercially as lyophilized powder from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) and was used without further purification. Maltose (purity ≥ 96%) was obtained from Shanghai Xinran Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose and maltohepose (purity ≥ 98%) were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade methanol was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Glacial acetic acid was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The water purification system was obtained from Mole Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).
Cyt c was mixed with appropriate amounts of stock solutions of ligands to a final concentration of 0.5 μmol L⁻¹ with different concentrations of ligands at 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 μmol L⁻¹, respectively, giving the molar concentration ratios of 1:6, 1:8, 1:10, 1:12 and 1:14. The incubation time for each mixture at room temperature was 1 h. Before ESI–MS analysis the solutions were centrifuged at 5000 r min⁻¹ for 1 min.

Chi Q., Liu Y.Z, & Wang X. (2018). Study on the Structural Effect of Maltoligosaccharides on Cytochrome c Complexes Stabilities by Native Mass Spectrometry. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 8(1), 57-61.

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Quantification of N-linked Glycans

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In this study, the method of internal standard was used to improve the precision of the relative quantification for the N-linked glycans from the HeLa cells. Firstly, maltotetraose (Sigma, DP4) was selected for the internal standard (IS), followed by the permethylation with ¹³C-iodomethane (¹³CH₃I). The permethylated maltotetraose whose mass increased by14.0476 Da (ΔM) to 899.4785 Da (mono) served as the internal standard characterized by a specific mass on the mass spectrum. The 5 pmol of the isotopically labeled maltotetraose dissolved in methanol was spiked to each sample prepared from HeLa cells.

Yue X., Tiwari N., Zhu L., Ngo H.D., Lim J.M., Gim B., Jing S., Wang Y., Qian Y, & Lee I. (2021). Tankyrase-1-mediated degradation of Golgin45 regulates glycosyltransferase trafficking and protein glycosylation in Rab2-GTP-dependent manner. Communications Biology, 4, 1370.

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Enzymatic Analysis of Wheat Flour Carbohydrates

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All chemicals and solvents were HPLC-grade or higher. Water was deionized and purified using an Arium 611VF water purification system (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany). Trypsin (from bovine pancreas, TPCKtreated, ≥ 10,000 BAEE U/mg protein), sodium hydroxide solution (50-52%; eluent for IC) and anhydrous sodium acetate (≥ 99%) were from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). α-Amylase assay reagent (4-nitrophenyl α-dmaltoheptaoside (blocked), plus excess α-glucosidase and glucoamylase) and β-amylase assay reagent (4-nitrophenyl β-d-maltotrioside, plus excess thermostable β-glucosidase) were purchased from Megazyme (Bray, Ireland). d-( +)-Glucose (≥ 99.5%), d-(-)-fructose (≥ 99%), sucrose (≥ 99.5%), maltose monohydrate (≥ 99%), maltotriose (≥ 90%) and maltoheptaose (≥ 70%) were from Sigma-Aldrich; maltotetraose (≥ 97%), maltopentaose (≥ 90%), maltohexaose (≥ 95%) and maltooctaose (≥ 80%) from Santa Cruz (Dallas, USA). Wheat flour type 550, according to the German flour classification system, was provided by Rosenmühle (Ergolding, Germany).

Rebholz G.F., Sebald K., Dirndorfer S., Dawid C., Hofmann T., & Scherf K.A. (2021). Impact of exogenous maltogenic α-amylase and maltotetraogenic amylase on sugar release in wheat bread. European Food Research and Technology, 247(6), 1425-1436.

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