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211 protocols using 1 1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl

1

Antioxidant Capacity Assay Protocol

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All the chemicals, reagents, and solvents used in the assay protocols were of analytical grade. Catechin, 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, 6-hydroxy2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) and Neocuprin were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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2

Chickpea Seed Polysaccharide Extraction and Bioactivity

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Chickpea seeds were obtained from the National Gene Bank (Beijing, China). DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow was obtained from GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Co. (Piscataway, NJ, USA). Dextran with different molecular weight (5,000–670,000 Da), griess reagent, arabinose (Ara), rhamnose (Rha), mannose (Man), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MS, USA). RPMI 1640 media, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco BRL Life Technologies (Thermo Fisher Scientific, NY, USA). Raw murine macrophage 264.7 (RAW 264.7) cells were purchased from the Cell Resources Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). OptEIA ELISA kits for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), MCP-1 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA). A PathScan Antibody Array Kit was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Shanghai, China). All other chemicals and solvents used were analytical grade, unless otherwise specified.
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3

Antioxidant Activity Evaluation Protocol

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2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reagents, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), foline-phenol, and trypsin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) was purchased from Kunming Cell Bank (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, streptomycin, and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) were purchased from Beijing Solaibao Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The kits of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GST) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Research Institute (Nanjing, China).
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4

Bioactive Compounds from Brazilian Plant

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B. dracunculifolia grown on the campus of Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste Paraná, at Guarapuava, Paraná Brazil; coordinates: 1.120 m altitude, 50°39′42.39″ West Longitude and 25°32′7.24″ South Latitude), was collected in November 2017. The voucher specimen was deposited in the Herbarium of Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná Brazil, and registered under the number 18173.
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), methanol, potassium persulfate, gallic acid, 6–hydroxyl-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and gum arabic were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Maltodextrin (Mor-rex 1910-10 DE, food grade) was kindly provided by Plury Química (Diadema, SP, Brazil). Lasiodiplodan, ((1→6)-β-d-glucan of MW 1.4 × 106 Da) was produced by submerged fermentation on liquid medium containing glucose (20 g/L) as carbon source in (shake flasks), and isolated from the fermentation broth by precipitation with ethanol as described by Cunha et al. [66 (link)]. All reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.
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5

Antioxidant Activity of Mangosteen Pericarp

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Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with molecular weight of 1,300,000 kg mol−1, pure α-mangostin powder, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Mangosteen pericarp was collected from a local market in Bandung, Indonesia. Other chemical substances used for this study were of analytical grade.
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6

Antioxidant Potential of Organic Compounds

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All the chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade: 2,4-pentanedione from Fluka; ethylenediamine, ascorbic acid, and Zn(II)/Co(II)/Cu(II)/Ni(II) acetate from Merck; and 2′,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone from Aldrich, and were used as received. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), rutin hydrate, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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7

Analytical Characterization of Phytochemicals

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The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany): 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Trolox (TE), Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, sodium carbonate, sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, hydrochloric acid, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, glucose, acetic acid, acetonitrile, methanol, gallic acid, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and cyanidin chloride.
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8

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Evaluation

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Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, quercetin, ascorbic acid, curcumin, β-sitosterol, lupeol, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), sulforhodamine B (SRB), Hoechst 33258 dye, crystal violet, propidium iodide were purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade and purchased from the usual sources.
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9

Evaluation of Soybean-Derived Phospholipids

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Soybean-derived L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (PC – purity grade ≥97%), A (purity ≥97%), Q (purity ≥95%), K (purity ≥90%), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), n-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate, insulin from bovine pancreas, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Sodium nitroprusside was purchased from Fluka Chemie AG (Buchs, St Gallen, Switzerland) and sulfanilamide from Friendemann Schmidt (CT Parkwood, Western Australia, Australia). William’s E medium (without phenol red and glutamine) and Glutamax I were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Fetal bovine serum, penicillin−streptomycin, and trypsin were obtained from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Ascorbic acid (AA), hydrocortisone hemisuccinate, and Triton X-100 were obtained from Kollin Chemicals (Malaysia), Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA), and Alfa Aesar (Heysham, Lancashire, UK), respectively. Dichloromethane (DCM), tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), hexane, chloroform, EA, and n-butanol were obtained from EMSURE® (Darmstadt, Germany). All chemical reagents were of analytical grade unless otherwise stated; extraction solvents were of HPLC/LC–MS grade, purchased from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA).
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10

Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Assays

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2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), FBBB, lanthanum (III) chloride heptahydrate, FeCl3·6H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, and 2,9-dimethyl-1 and 10-phenanthroline (neocuproine) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA. Chlorophyll a and b, lutein and β-carotene standards, and 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) were purchased from Fluka Chemie, Buchs, Switzerland. All reagents were of analytical grade. Deionized and distilled water was used throughout.
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