The samples obtained were dehydrated using the following regime: 70% alcohol for 12 hours, 80% alcohol for 12 hours, 90% alcohol for 6 hours and 99.7% alcohol for 3 hours. They were mounted on aluminum stubs, and after a gold sputter coating the samples were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Zeiss EVO 10 (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany) using an ultra-high vacuum chamber (UHV) programmed at 15kV. The observations were made at magnifications of 600 x and 8.00 kx. In each of the images obtained, the most representative zone of the sealer-dentine interface was selected. Then, using ImageJ software (National Institute of Health, Washington DC, USA) the dentine zone was delimited, excluding the canal lumen and any defects in the sample. Three blinded operators, demarcated the dentinal tubules full of sealer in each of the images and by a pixel count, the total percentage of sealer occupation with respect to the dentine area was calculated (Fig. 1 ). To ensure reproducibility, interobserver agreement were calculated using the Cohen´s kappa statistic. Kappa value was 0.63, demonstrating a good reliability. Finally, a descriptive analysis of the image was made, to evaluate the adaptation of the sealers to the dentinal tubules.
Evo 10
Manufactured by Zeiss
Sourced in Germany, Austria, United Kingdom, Japan
The EVO 10 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) manufactured by Zeiss. It is designed for high-resolution imaging and analysis of a wide range of samples. The EVO 10 utilizes an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, producing detailed images with high magnification and resolution. It is capable of generating images with a wide range of magnifications and resolutions, making it suitable for various applications in materials science, life sciences, and other research fields.
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Lab products found in correlation
D8 advance, by Bruker (4 mentions)
Mini sputter, by Quorum Technologies (2 mentions)
Lsm 700 confocal microscope, by Zeiss (2 mentions)
Ft ir 4600 spectrometer, by Jasco (2 mentions)
Jsm 6390, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Fei quanta 250, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Tcs sp8 microscope, by Leica Microsystems (1 mentions)
4 6 diamidin 2 phenylindol dapi, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fluorescence mounting medium, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Sigma field emission, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Ht7800, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Quanta 400, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ftir spectrometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Chi660e electrochemical workstation, by Chenhua (1 mentions)
Vhx 950f, by Keyence (1 mentions)
Labram aramis raman spectrometer, by Horiba (1 mentions)
Escalab 250 xps spectrometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Irprestige 21 fourier transform infrared spectrometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Jem 2100, by JEOL (1 mentions)
68 protocols using evo 10
1
Quantifying Sealer Penetration in Dentinal Tubules
2
Comprehensive Materials Characterization
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The crystal structure and phase analysis were investigated by XRD in Cu-Kα radiation λ = 1.54 Å (Empyrean, PANalytical). The microstructure was studied for all the prepared samples using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Zeiss EVO 10 (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with a microanalysis system AZtecLive Advanced with Ultim Max 40 (Oxford Instruments, High Wycombe, UK). The magnetic properties, such as field dependences of the specific magnetization, were investigated by a high-level liquid helium-free measuring system (Cryogenic Ltd., London, UK) for all the prepared samples up to 2 T at room temperature (T = 300 K). Electrodynamic properties as such as frequency dependences of the electrical conductivity were measured on an LRC-meter using the two-probe method (LRC-meter E7-20, Minsk, Belarus).
3
Morphological Analysis of Biomaterial Implants
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Morphological characterization of the materials was performed by SEM. Implant samples with surrounding tissue fragments underwent a dehydration process in an increasing alcohol solution and dried at a critical point. Samples that had the polymer removed from the obtained fragments were dried in an oven at 35 °C for 12 h. All samples were mounted on supports and sputtered with gold in a vacuum. The material surfaces were analyzed in a scanning electron microscope (Zeiss EVO 10, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) operated at 10–15 kV. Images were examined with Fiji ImageJ 1.50i software, and the average pore diameter was determined manually from at least 300 pores. For non-circular pores, the greatest distance was considered.
4
Valve Fatigue and Surface Analysis
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Fatigue tests were performed by using the setup shown in Figure 1G . The valves (six samples for each type) were subjected to 1350 cycles of opening/closure, corresponding to a lifetime of 9 months, assuming five urinations per day. At each cycle, 200 ml of water was flushed through the valve, opening it and measuring the corresponding pressure generated. In addition to the measurements of the opening pressure, the surface morphology was also qualitatively assessed through optical profilometry (same instrument and parameters described above) and SEM (ZEISS EVO 10, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Samples were analyzed under high vacuum conditions (pressure: 10−5 Pa). The magnifications used for stability tests vary in the range from 350× up to 700× at a voltage of 5 kV. Representative images were acquired from two different areas of the samples.
5
Microstructural Analysis of Thin Film Samples
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The samples of film with FB CNCs and without FB CNCs were covered with gold-palladium using a Mini Sputter (SC7620 Quorum Technologies, Lewes, UK) for a time period of 6 min in a pressure vacuum of 10−4 mbar. The microstructure and elemental analysis of the samples were examined in an SEM (Zeiss EVO 10, Carl Zeiss Inc., Cambridge, UK) equipped with a lanthanum hexaborite filament and operated at 20 kV and 4000X. SEM images were obtained at an acceleration voltage of 20 kV and an 8.5 mm working distance. Different magnifications were used under Secondary Electron Detector (SE) and Backscattered Electron Detector (BSE) modes. Micrographs were taken at a scale of 10 µm and 20 µm for micrographs of the surface and cross-sections, respectively.
6
Microstructural Analysis of Thin Film Samples
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The samples of film with FB CNCs and without FB CNCs were covered with gold-palladium using a Mini Sputter (SC7620 Quorum Technologies, Lewes, UK) for a time period of 6 min in a pressure vacuum of 10−4 mbar. The microstructure and elemental analysis of the samples were examined in an SEM (Zeiss EVO 10, Carl Zeiss Inc., Cambridge, UK) equipped with a lanthanum hexaborite filament and operated at 20 kV and 4000X. SEM images were obtained at an acceleration voltage of 20 kV and an 8.5 mm working distance. Different magnifications were used under Secondary Electron Detector (SE) and Backscattered Electron Detector (BSE) modes. Micrographs were taken at a scale of 10 µm and 20 µm for micrographs of the surface and cross-sections, respectively.
7
Structural Analysis of Silk Fibroin Hydrogel
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The fractured sections of silk fibroin hydrogel were cut using a razor blade after freezing in liquid nitrogen (− 196 °C). Fractured and surface sections of samples were vacuum coated with gold/palladium particles using the Polar on SC502 Sputter Coater. The morphology of fibroin hydrogel was examined with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) Zeiss EVO10 (Carl Zeiss AG, Germany) at 3 kV.
8
Adhesion Analysis of MSCs in Alpha Chondro Shield
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The adhesion of MSCs seeded into the Alpha Chondro Shield scaffold prior to implantation was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as follows: after the cell-seeded scaffolds had been incubated in a humidified atmosphere at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 30 minutes, they were washed in PBS and then fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 2 hours, then washed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer prior to treatment with 1% osmium tetraoxide for 1 hour. The samples were then dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol solution, treated with transition solvent, t-butyl alcohol for 30 minutes, freeze-dried, coated with gold palladium and finally imaged using a JSM-6390 (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) or Zeiss EVO10 scanning electron microscope (Carl Zeiss, Cambridge, UK).
9
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Rhizopus oryzae
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Scanning electron microscopy was performed according to Rollin-Pinheiro and colleagues and Borba-Santos and colleagues [14 (link),20 (link)]. Rhizopus oryzae was grown in RPMI in the absence or the presence of selected compounds (½ MIC), with orbital agitation (150 rpm) for 48 h. Cells were gently collected, washed in sterile PBS and processed according to the following steps: (i). fixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 4% formaldehyde, in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, for 30 min at room temperature; (ii). washing in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer; (iii). post-fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer containing 1.25% potassium ferrocyanide for 30 min; (iv). washing in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer again; (v). dehydration in a graded ethanol series (30–100%); (vi). critical point drying in CO2 (EM CPD300, Leica Mycrosystems, Wetzlar, Germany); (vii). adhesion to aluminum stubs with carbon tape; and viii. coating with gold.
Images were obtained using FEI Quanta 250 (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) and ZEISS EVO 10 (ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany) scanning electron microscopes, and processed using Photoshop software (Adobe, San José, CA, USA).
Images were obtained using FEI Quanta 250 (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) and ZEISS EVO 10 (ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany) scanning electron microscopes, and processed using Photoshop software (Adobe, San José, CA, USA).
10
Visualizing ECM Ultrastructure by SEM
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Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the fibrous ultrastructure of the hpcECM-gel after gelation. Therefore, 1 mL of 0.2 mg/mL hpcECM pre-gel solution was pipetted onto a circular cover glass and incubated at 37 °C to facilitate gelation, then fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde overnight at 4 °C and dehydrated with an increasing ethanol series with a final hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) step. Chemically dried samples were sputter coated with 20 nm of gold and analyzed with a Zeiss EVO 10 (Zeiss, Austria).
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