Bs 380

After fasting for 10–14 h, all participants had the following blood chemistry tests: fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride (TG), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GTT), total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transferase (ALT). The Mindray BS380 autoanalyzer measured total cholesterol and HDL (Mindray Medical International). TG was determined by enzymatic method and reported in mg/dL. AST and ALT were measured by the kinetic method and GGT by an enzymatic method based on SZASZ's approach. A glucose oxidase test was used for laboratory testing of FBS. Moreover, the Friedewald formula was used for the assessment of LDL.

At ICU admission, or shortly thereafter, and on consecutive days, up to one week, blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min at +4 °C. Supernatants were stored at −80 °C until analyzed at the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Calprotectin was analyzed using a Mindray BS-380 (Mindray Medical International, Shenzhen, China) and a particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay, (GCAL^® Calprotectin Immunoassay) from Gentian AS (Moss, Norway). CRP was analyzed on an Architect Ci8200 (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA). The expected normal CRP level was <5 mg/L. PCT was analyzed using Cobas EE (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). The expected normal PCT level was <0.05 ng/mL.

A fully automated biochemistry analyzer, the Mindray BS-380 (Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China), along with the appropriate detection kits, were used to measure the serum concentrations of the following: albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and calcium (Ca).

Urine galectin-3 binding protein levels were determined using an ELISA kit from MilliporeSigma (Cat # SPRCUS866, St Louis, MO, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The assay is specific for human Gal-3BP, has been validated for urine testing and can detect the analyte at a minimum detectable concentration of 0.08 ng/mL. Furthermore, we investigated other markers of renal pathology including, NGAL, OPN, KIM-1 and Gal-3 using commercial sandwich ELISAs (DY1757, DY1433, DY1750B and DY1154, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Urine-albumin and urine-creatinine were determined on a Mindray BS-380 (Shenzhen Mindray Bio-medical Electronics, Shenzhen, China) using reagents from Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL, USA).
Urine-albumin/creatinine ratio (u-ACR) was calculated from the original values of the ratio determinants and expressed as mg/mmol. All biomarkers were analysed separately and values were normalized as concentration/u-creatinine levels.
All urine investigations were performed according to clinical routine at the Department of Clinical Chemistry at Uppsala University Hospital.

Total protein was analysed using a Mindray BS380 (Mindray, Shenzhen, China) with reagents from Abbott Laboratories (7D73-22, Abbott Park, IL, USA). Osmolality was measured using an OsmoPRO Multi-Sample Micro-Osmometer (I&L Biosystems, Königswinter, Germany).