All procedures involving animals conformed to the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Statement for the use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research and the study procedures were approved by the Johns Hopkins University Animal Care and Use Committee. Thirty-five Lewis rats (7–8 weeks of age) were obtained from Harlan Laboratories Inc. (Frederick, MD, USA). All animals weighed between 150 and 200 g and were housed at constant temperature (20 ± 1 °C) and humidity (50± 5%). They were fed standard rat chow and allowed water ad libitum. All procedures and tests were performed under general anesthesia with intramuscular injection of ketamine 0.9% (Bio-niche Pharma, Lake Forest, IL, USA), xylazine 0.1% (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, St. Joseph, MO, USA) and topical proparacaine 0.5% (Sandoz, Holzkirchen, Germany). Corneal alkali burns were induced by application of 0.5 N NaOH on the cornea. Briefly, sample discs SS-033, 0.5 cm in diameter (WESCOR, Logan, Utah, USA) were cut into 4 quadrants that were then soaked in 0.5 N NaOH for 10 s and then placed on central cornea for 15 s. The ocular surface and conjunctival fornices were immediately irrigated with 15 mL of PBS solution using an eye-drops dropper bottle.
Xylazine
Manufactured by Phoenix Pharmaceuticals
Sourced in United States, Macao
Xylazine is a laboratory equipment product designed for use in research and development activities. It is a sedative and analgesic agent commonly used in veterinary medicine. The core function of Xylazine is to induce a state of sedation and analgesia in test subjects, enabling safe and controlled experimentation.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ketamine, by Phoenix Pharmaceuticals (5 mentions)
Ketamine hydrochloride, by Phoenix Pharmaceuticals (2 mentions)
Ss 033, by Wescor (1 mentions)
Atropine sulfate, by Phoenix Pharmaceuticals (1 mentions)
17β estradiol sulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Propylpyrazole triol ppt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sterile saline, by B. Braun (1 mentions)
Durapen, by Vedco (1 mentions)
Prism software, by GraphPad (1 mentions)
Vetbond, by 3M (1 mentions)
Stereotactic frame, by Stoelting (1 mentions)
9 protocols using xylazine
1
Rat Model of Corneal Alkali Burn
2
Xenograft and Metastasis Assays in Mice
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Immunodeficient mice were supplied by BioLASCO Taiwan (under a technology license from Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) and housed under specific pathogen‐free conditions at the TVGH Animal Facility. LEF1 knockdown cells (Mahlavu‐shLEF1) and control cells (Mahlavu‐short hairpin luciferase [shLuc]) were harvested during the mid‐logarithmic growth phase. Cells (5 × 106) were injected subcutaneously into 8‐week‐old nude (BALB/c) mice, and mice were killed after 4 weeks. Each experimental group contained six mice. Tumor size was measured as length × height × width × 0.5236. For the metastasis assay, cells (2 × 106) were injected into the tail vein of 8‐week‐old NOD‐SCID (NOD.CB17‐Prkdcscid/NcrCrlBltw) mice. Mice were killed after 6 weeks, and numbers and volumes of metastatic tumors were assessed blindly by two independent experts as described.26 Following subcutaneous or tail vein cell implantation, mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride (150 mg/kg) and xylazine (12 mg/kg) (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, St. Joseph, MO) or by inhalation of isoflurane (3%‐5%). All protocols involving animals were in compliance with the Regulations of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of TVGH. All procedures were in accordance with institutional animal welfare guidelines and designed to minimize suffering.
3
Unilateral Rat Vocal Fold Stripping
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Eleven Sprague-Dawley male rats (400–450 g in weight) were involved in the study. Rat vocal fold stripping was performed as previously described [7 (link),8 (link)]. In short, rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (90 mg/kg; Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA, USA) and xylazine (9 mg/kg; Phoenix, St. Joseph, MO, USA). Atropine sulfate (0.05 mg/kg; Phoenix) was injected intraperitoneally to reduce the secretion of saliva and sputum in the laryngeal lumen. The animals were placed on an operating platform in a near-vertical position [19 (link),20 (link)]. A suspension microlaryngoscope, fabricated from 1-mm diameter steel wire, was inserted though the mouth to maintain the surgical field. Vocal folds were visualized using a 1.9-mm diameter telescope with an angle of 25 degrees (Richard Wolf, Vernon Hills, IL, USA). Using a 25-G spinal needle (Tyco Healthcare, Mansfield, MA, USA) and microforceps, unilateral vocal fold stripping was performed until the thyroarytenoid muscle was exposed. The other side was kept intact and used as a control. All rats recovered from the anesthesia.
4
Estrogen Receptor Agonist Administration
5
MWCNT Exposure in Mice via Pharyngeal Aspiration
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MWCNTs were administered to mice via pharyngeal aspiration, as previously described [20 (link)]. Briefly, after anesthesia with a mixture of ketamine (Phoenix, St. Joseph, MO) and xylazine (Phoenix, St. Joseph, MO) (62.5 and 2.5 mg/kg subcutaneous in the abdominal area), the mouse was placed on a board in a near vertical position and the animal’s tongue was extended with lined forceps. MWCNT suspensions (40 or 80 μg/mouse) were placed posterior in the throat and the tongue held until the suspension was aspirated. All animals from the control and MWCNT-exposed groups survived this procedure and exhibited no overt behavioral or health outcomes.
6
Rabbit Endocarditis Infection Model
7
SWCNT Administration and Toxicity Evaluation
8
MWCNT Exposure in Mice via Pharyngeal Aspiration
9
Intracranial Xenograft Tumor Model Generation
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Intracranial xenografts were generated as previously described [16 (link), 17 (link), 40 (link)]. Tumor cell lines were harvested in mid-logarithmic growth phase and resuspended in PBS. Homozygous NCR female nude mice (Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY) were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride at 150 mg/kg and xylazine at 12 mg/kg (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, St Joseph, MO) via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The cranium was exposed, and a small hole was made with a size 34 inverted cone burr (Roboz, Githersburg, MD). Mice were fixed in a stereotactic frame (Stoelting, Wood Dal, IL), and cells were injected through a 27-gauge needle over 2 minutes at 2mm lateral and posterior to the bregma and 3mm below the dura (50,000 U87 cells in 7.5uL of PBS or 94,200 G144 primary cells in 6 uL of media). The incision was closed with Vetbond (3M, St. Paul, MN).
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