DO11.10 T cells on substrates were fixed with 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (Sigma) containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Sigma) and 1% sucrose for 10 min at 4 °C. After rinsing samples with cacodylate buffer, they were post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide (Sigma) in cacodylate buffer for 20 min at room temperature, and extensively washed. Graded ethanol (30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and twice in 99.5% ethanol for 5 min each) and isopentyl acetate (Sigma, at the rate of 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 with absolute ethanol and pure isopentyl acetate for 10 min each) were added onto samples. The samples in pure isopentyl acetate were completely dehydrated with a critical point dryer (Hitachi, hcp-2). Finally, the dried samples were coated with Pt by sputtering and SEM images were acquired.
Isopentyl acetate
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Isopentyl acetate is a chemical compound used as a solvent and flavor additive. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a characteristic fruity odor. Isopentyl acetate has a boiling point of approximately 142°C and is commonly used in the production of various chemical and pharmaceutical products.
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Lab products found in correlation
Ethyl acetate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Linalool, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
1 octanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Light mineral oil, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Photoionization detector, by Aurora Scientific (2 mentions)
2 butanone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
1 7 octadiene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Geranyl acetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethyl butyrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methyl laurate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Butyraldehyde, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phenylethylamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetophenone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nonanal, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Methyl salicylate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Benzaldehyde, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 methylphenol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cis 3 hexenyl acetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Butyric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 4 diaminobutane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
9 protocols using isopentyl acetate
1
SEM Imaging of T Cell Morphology
2
Comprehensive Chemical Compound Synthesis
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The following chemicals were purchased at highest purities available from Sigma Aldrich, Bangalore, India: 2-methyltetrahydro-3-furanone, acetic acid, benzaldehyde, 1-octanol, (R)-1-octen-3-ol, ethyl butyrate, ethyl acetate, geranyl acetate, methyl salicylate, methyl laurate, isopentyl acetate, hexanoic acid, 2-methylphenol, geosmin, butyraldehyde, 1,4-diaminobutane, phenyl acetalydehyde, phenylethylamine, pyridine, ammonia solution and mineral oil. 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate was purchased from Cayman Chemical Company, Michigan, United States. Cis-3-hexenyl acetate, 2,3-butanedione, butyric acid, linalool, and acetophenone were purchased from Fluka, Sigma-Aldrich, Bangalore, India. The compound 1-hexanol was purchased from TCI, nonanal was purchased from Acros Organics. Propionic acid was obtained as a gift from the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany. Fluo-4AM was purchased from Life Technologies, Stockholm, Sweden.
3
Odor Presentation Dynamics Characterization
4
Analytical Standardization of Volatile Compounds
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Analytical grade reagents NaCl and NaOH were obtained from Guangnuo Chemical Technology (Shanghai, China); chromatographic grade reagents including ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane; polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and d-gluconic acid lactone with ≥99% purity were purchased from Aladdin Reagent (Shanghai, China); standards of C8–C40 n-alkanes, IBMP, Isopropyl-methoxypyrazine (IPMP), sec-butyl-methoxypyrazine (SBMP) with ≥99% purity and nonanal, acetoin, 1-octanol, isopentyl acetate, linalool with ≥98% purity were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); standard of 4-methyl-2-pentanol with ≥98% purity from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Cleanert PEP-SPE columns (200 mg/6 mL) were from Bonna-Agela Technologies (Tianjin, China). Rapidase AR 2000 glucosidase was supplied by Creative Enzymes (New York, NY, USA).
5
Bacteria Imaging with Cold Field Emission SEM
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The 103+ or 103− strains were grown in BHI at 37 °C and harvested centrifugation. Bacterial cells were washed with PBS and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in PBS at 4 °C. The fixed bacterial cells were washed three times with PBS. Then, the sample was dehydrated with ethanol and further dehydrated by isopentyl acetate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The samples were observed using cold field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).
6
Obtaining High-Purity Organic Compounds
7
Analytical Characterization of Antioxidants
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Methanol (HPLC grade), n-hexane (99%, GC grade), sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, glacial acetic acid, ferric chloride, and potassium persulphate of analytical grade were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Gallic acid monohydrate ACS > 99% (CAS 5995-86-8), phenolic reagent of Folin and Ciocalteu, (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid approx. 90% (Trolox) (CAS 238813), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (CAS 1898-66-4), 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine ACS > 99% (TPTZ) (CAS 3682-35-7), 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt ACS > 98% (ABTS) (CAS 30931-67-0), ethyl acetate, isopentyl acetate and 2-methyl-1-pentanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
8
Preparation of Volatile Organic Compound Standards
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Isopentyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, 2-phenylacetate, 2-phenylethanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl acetate, citral, and beta-citronellol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck). Methanol and water were LC-MS grade and purchased from VWR. Two standard stock mixes were produced: Mix 1: Isopentyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, 2-phenylacetate, 2-phenylethanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl acetate; mix 2: Isopentyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, 2-phenylacetate, 2-phenylethanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl acetate, citral, and β-citronellol. All pure standards were in liquid aggregate form at room temperature. Five microliters of each pure standard was mixed into 100 mL of 10% methanol solution in water or 100 mL 100% water and dilutions by a factor of 3 produced from there (0.3, 0.09, 0.027, 0.0081); corresponding concentrations in mol/L are given in Table S2 . For the lowest dilution factor, concentrations in the 2–4 μM range are achieved. The ingredients, sum formulas, and structures of the standards are given in Table 1 .![]()
VOC standards used in this study
9
Precise Olfactory Stimulus Delivery
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For odor presentation, odors including isopentyl acetate, 2-butanone, and 1,7octadiene (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were each diluted in their liquid state to 133.332 Pa (1 Torr) and 266.645 Pa (2 Torr) in light mineral oil (Sigma Aldrich) which also served as the blank stimulus. Stimulus vapors controlled with an air-dilution olfactometer were run from glass headspace vials (100 ml/min) where they were later blended with clean nitrogen (900 ml/min) in the odor port thereby yielding a total odor flow rate of 1 L/min.
The olfactometer was equipped with independent stimulus lines up to the point of entry into a Teflon odor port, in order to eliminate chances of cross-contamination of the stimuli and also to allow for rapid temporal control of odor dynamics as they reach the animal.
To confirm the dynamics of the odor plume as it leaves the odor port, we used a photoionization detector (Aurora Scientific, Aurora CO). As shown in Figure 3C, odor delivery occurred rapidly, and was largely stable throughout the 4 sec of delivery.
was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
The copyright holder for this preprint (which this version posted July 15, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.045013 doi: bioRxiv preprint
The olfactometer was equipped with independent stimulus lines up to the point of entry into a Teflon odor port, in order to eliminate chances of cross-contamination of the stimuli and also to allow for rapid temporal control of odor dynamics as they reach the animal.
To confirm the dynamics of the odor plume as it leaves the odor port, we used a photoionization detector (Aurora Scientific, Aurora CO). As shown in Figure 3C, odor delivery occurred rapidly, and was largely stable throughout the 4 sec of delivery.
was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
The copyright holder for this preprint (which this version posted July 15, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.045013 doi: bioRxiv preprint
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