Oxygen-sensitive sensor: the tris-[(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium (II)] chloride (Ru(DPP)3Cl2) sensor was prepared according to the method of Watts and Crosby [34 ], with modifications. The following were used: mineral oil (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA); Silica gel, Davisil™, grade 633, 200–425 mesh, 60A, 90%, (Sigma-Aldrich); 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, C24H16N2 (Sigma-Aldrich); DMSO-(CH3)2SO-dimethyl sulfoxide 100% (Reachim); and ruthenium chloride (III) (Sigma-Aldrich). Plant extracts from Lonicera caerulea var. edulis ‘Wojtek’ flowers and Rubus idaeus shoots were prepared and their composition was determined at the Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Garden, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, as described by Krauze-Baranowska et al. [30 (link)]. The pharmaceutical products were commercially available in pharmacies: the ear drops “Ototalgin”, produced by the company Farmina sp. z o.o., Kraków; the eye drops “Polcrom”, produced by the company Polfa Warszawa, Warszawa; the cough syrup “Dexa Pico”, produced by the company Herbapol-Lublin, Lublin; Injection Natrii Chlorati Isotonica in a volume of 10 mL, produced by Polpharma, Starogard Gdański; and the diet supplement herbal syrup “Gardlox”, produced by the company S-lab sp. z o.o., Mirków, Poland.
Ruthenium 3 chloride
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Ruthenium(III) chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula RuCl3. It is a dark brown crystalline solid that is soluble in water and various organic solvents. Ruthenium(III) chloride is used as a precursor in the synthesis of other ruthenium compounds and as a catalyst in various chemical reactions.
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Lab products found in correlation
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Mineral oil, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Silver chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Silver wire, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Platinum wire, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Ethanol, by Vetec (1 mentions)
Aqueous hydrochloric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethylene glycol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Sodium tetrachloropalladate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ferric chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium bromide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Isopropyl alcohol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cyclohexanone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Valinomycin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bis 2 ethylhexyl sebacate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
High molecular weight chitosan, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
9 protocols using ruthenium 3 chloride
1
Ruthenium-Based Oxygen Sensor with Plant Extracts
2
Electrochemical Sensing of Nitric Oxide
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Ruthenium chloride (III), bdqi (1,2 benzoquinonediimine), 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpiridine, silver chloride (99.99%), platinum wire, silver wire (0.5 cm diameter) obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA; Hepes (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) and methanol were obtained from J.T. Baker, Center Valley, PA, USA; NO detection full commercial kit (ADI-917-020) from Emzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY, USA; ethanol was obtained from Vetec, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil. All solutions used were prepared from a reverse osmosis water purification system. All other chemical reagents were of analytical grade.
3
Synthesis of Pt, Pd, and Ru Nanoparticles
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Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP, Mw ≈ 55 000), ruthenium(iii ) chloride (RuCl3, 99%), sodium hexachloroplatinate hexahydrate (Na2PtCl6·6H2O, 98%), ascorbic acid (AA, 99%), sodium tetrachloropalladate (Na2PdCl4, 98%), potassium bromide (KBr, 99%), aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution with a concentration of 37%, ferric chloride (FeCl3, 97%), acetic acid (99.7%), and isopropyl alcohol (99.7%) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetone (99.5%), aqueous perchloric acid (HClO4, PPT Grade, 70% in water), commercial Pt/C (20 wt%, ca. 3.2 nm Pt nanoparticles on Vulcan XC-72 carbon support), commercial PtRu/C (1 : 1, 20 wt%) and ethylene glycol (EG, 99%) were ordered from VWR, Veritas, Premetek Co., and J. T. Baker, respectively. To prepare the aqueous solutions, deionized water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm−1 at room temperature was used.
4
Electrochemical Soil Sensor for Tomato Cultivation
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All reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich unless otherwise indicated: ruthenium (III) chloride, sodium alginate, high molecular weight chitosan, acrylamide, MBAA, acetic acid, high molecular weight poly (vinyl chloride), valinomycin, bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, tetraphenyl borate, cyclohexanone, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine. Filter paper and all pH buffer solutions were purchased from Fisher Scientific. A Wio Terminal microcontroller was purchased from Seeed Studio. A peristaltic pump and resistors were purchased from Cool Components. A 10 µF capacitor was purchased from RS Components. Arduino pH-4502C pH meter was purchased from Morden Store. Screen-printed electrodes were purchased from Saida Technology. Compost was purchased from Mokuzai. Finally, tomato seeds (Gardener’s Delight variety) were purchased from Thompson and Morgan.
5
Ruthenium-Promoted Nickel Catalysts on Silica Gel
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The Ru-promoted Ni-based catalyst was prepared as described above by incipient wetness impregnations of aqueous solutions of nickel nitrate and ruthenium(iii ) chloride (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) on silica gel supports. The loading of nickel was 20 wt% and the molar ratios of Ru/Ni were 0.025 for catalyst samples. The preparation procedure was as described for the unpromoted catalysts synthesized with the impregnation technique. The catalyst was marked as 20Ni–0.5Ru/SiO2 (EG). Similarly, the Pt-promoted and Pd-promoted catalysts were synthesized with the same procedure, and the palladium(ii ) nitrate (Pd(NO3)2, Sigma-Aldrich Co.) and diamminedinitritoplatinum(ii ) solution (Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2, Sigma-Aldrich Co.) were used as noble metal precursor. The catalyst was marked as 20Ni–0.5Pd/SiO2 (EG) and 20Ni–0.5Pt/SiO2 (EG).
For comparison, the noble metal promoted catalysts obtained from non-pretreated silica support were also prepared with the same procedure and marked as 20Ni–0.5Ru/SiO2, 20Ni–0.5Pd/SiO2, and 20Ni–0.5Pt/SiO2.
For comparison, the noble metal promoted catalysts obtained from non-pretreated silica support were also prepared with the same procedure and marked as 20Ni–0.5Ru/SiO2, 20Ni–0.5Pd/SiO2, and 20Ni–0.5Pt/SiO2.
6
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles
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Platinum(II) acetylacetonate (Pt(acac)2, 97%), potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) (K2PtCl4, 98%), ruthenium(III) chloride (RuCl3, Ru content 45%–55%), osmium(III) chloride (OsCl3, 99.9%), and iridium(III) acetylacetonate (Ir(acac)3, 97%) from Sigma-Aldrich, oleylamine (95.4%, primary amine) from J&K Scientific, silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99%), aqueous HClO4 solution (70%, ACS reagent), and Nafion 117 solution (5% in a mixture of lower aliphatic alcohols and water) from Aladdin Reagents, sodium chloride (NaCl, analytical grade) from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd., acetic acid (C2H4O2, analytical grade), methanol (99%), and toluene (99.5%) from Beijing Chemical Works, and Vulcan XC-72 carbon powders (XC-72C) with BET surface area of 250 m2 g−1 and average particle size of ca. 40 nm from Cabot Corporation, were used as received. All glassware and Teflon-coated magnetic stir bars were cleaned with aqua regia, followed by copious washing with de-ionized water before drying in an oven.
7
Electrochemical Characterization of Biomolecules
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The following chemicals were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (Seoul, Republic of Korea): aqueous ammonia solution (1.0 mL, 25–28%), dopamine hydrochloride (DA), potassium ferricyanide and ferrocyanide [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−, potassium chloride (KCl), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), ethanol (99.5% purity), toluene (99.5%), and ruthenium(III) chloride (RuCl3). MT, ascorbic acid (AA), tyrosine (Ty), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EP), and serotonin (5–HT), were used for the interference studies. Phosphate buffers (0.1 M) were prepared by following a standard protocol [36 (link)]. All aqueous solutions were prepared using 18.2 MΩ water.
8
Cellular Uptake of Coumarin 6
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Coumarin 6 (purity: >94%), CCK-8, methyl sulfoxide, 1,10-phenanthroline, Ruthenium(III) chloride, lithium chloride and dimethylformamide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin and penicillin-streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) were obtained from GIBCO (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). All reagents were directly used without any further purification.
9
Fluorescent Organometallic Complexation Synthesis
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