To compare the effectiveness of the olinscide oligoICER-11 on I. purchasi with that of a commercially available chemical insecticide, the neonicotinoid insecticide Thiamethoxam (Syngenta, Austria) was used as a standard (active ingredient is Thiamethoxam, concentration of 0.8 g/L). A hand-sprayer volume of 10 mL was used per m2.
Thiamethoxam
Manufactured by Syngenta
Sourced in Austria, Germany
Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide developed and produced by Syngenta. It is a synthetic compound used in various agricultural applications to control a wide range of insect pests. The core function of Thiamethoxam is to act as an insecticide by disrupting the central nervous system of insects.
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6 protocols using thiamethoxam
1
Olinscide Oligoicer-11 vs Neonicotinoid Insecticide
2
Snap Bean Seed Treatments Evaluation
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For all field and laboratory experiments, pretreated 'Caprice' snap bean seeds were purchased from Stokes Seeds (Buffalo, NY) at the beginning of each year. Seeds arrived treated with either Thiamethoxam and fungicides or with only fungicides. Thiamethoxam-and fungicide-treated seeds (hereafter referred to as 'TT') were coated in Thiamethoxam (Cruiser, Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC) applied at 46.88g a.i./100 kg of seed and a combination of fungicides (Captan 400, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC; AG-Streptomycin, Bayer CropScience; Allegiance FL, Bayer CropScience; Thiram, Bayer CropScience) applied at standard commercial rates. Seeds with fungicides only (hereafter referred to as 'FO') were coated with the same fungicide products and rates as TT seeds.
3
Insecticide Impacts on Whitefly Populations
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We tested the impact of three insecticides on MEAM1 and MED: Thiamethoxam (Syngenta China, Beijing, China), Spirotetramat (trade name Movento; Bayer CropScience China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China), and Bifenthrin (Ruidefeng Pesticide, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China). Thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid insecticide, was introduced in China in 2000 for the control of Bemisia on field and greenhouse crops (Wu et al. 2003) . Spirotetramat, a spirocyclic tetramic acid derivative, is a systemic insecticide that targets whiteflies and other phloem-feeding insects (Cheng et al. 2013) ; it was introduced in China in 2008. Bifenthrin is a pyrethroid insecticide that has been widely used against Bemisia and other crop pests in China since the mid-1990s (Ma et al. 2007) .
4
Comprehensive Pesticide Assessment Protocol
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Imidacloprid (600g/LSC, Bayer CropScience, Germany), thiamethoxam (70%GZ, Syngenta, China), clothianidin (48%SC, HeNan Hansi crop protection, China), dinotefuran (20%SG, Mitsui Chemicals, Japan), nitenpyram (30%WG, ZinGrow, China), acetamiprid (20%SP, Noposion, China), thiacloprid (40%SC, Limin Chemical, China), sulfoxaflor (22%SC, Dow AgroSciences, USA), flupyradifurone (17%SC, Bayer CropScience, Germany), triflumezopyrim (10%SC, DuPont, USA), spinetoram (60g/LSC, Dow AgroSciences, USA) and triton X-100 (Sangon Biotech, China) were purchased commercially.
5
Thiamethoxam Toxicity and Transmission
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Thiamethoxam, 3-(2-chloro-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-{1,3,5}oxadiazinan-4-yldene-
N-nitroamine, was provided by Syngenta Philippines, Inc. (Makati City, Philippines). The formulation used (Optigard ZT) contains 21.6% Thiamethoxam (AI). Stock solution containing 500 g/ml in distilled water was prepared and serial dilutions for contact toxicity and horizontal transmission studies were prepared accordingly.
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Thiamethoxam, 3-(2-chloro-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-{1,3,5}oxadiazinan-4-yldene-
N-nitroamine, was provided by Syngenta Philippines, Inc. (Makati City, Philippines). The formulation used (Optigard ZT) contains 21.6% Thiamethoxam (AI). Stock solution containing 500 g/ml in distilled water was prepared and serial dilutions for contact toxicity and horizontal transmission studies were prepared accordingly.
6
Insecticide Evaluation for Crop Protection
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The following were purchased commercially: imidacloprid (600 g/LSC, Bayer CropScience, Germany), thiamethoxam (70%GZ, Syngenta, China), clothianidin (48%SC, HeNan Hansi crop protection, China), dinotefuran (20%SG, Mitsui Chemicals, Japan), nitenpyram (30%WG, ZinGrow, China), acetamiprid (20%SP, Noposion, China), thiacloprid (40%SC, Limin Chemical, China), sulfoxaflor (22%SC, Dow AgroSciences, USA), flupyradifurone (17%SC, Bayer CropScience, Germany), triflumezopyrim (10%SC, DuPont, USA), spinetoram (60 g/LSC, Dow AgroSciences, USA) and Triton X-100 (Sangon Biotech, China).
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