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4 protocols using gallium 3 nitrate

1

Biosynthesis and Purification of Yersiniabactin

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Ybt was generated from UTI89ΔentB grown in M63 minimal salts medium supplemented with 0.2% glycerol (v/v) and 10mg ml-1 niacin (Sigma) as previously described 53 . [13C6]Ybt with a 13C-substituted phenolic ring was produced from UTI89ΔentB ΔybtS grown in M63 minimal salts medium supplemented with 0.2% glycerol (v/v), 13C6-labeled salicylic acid and 10mg ml-1 niacin (Sigma).[13C21]Ybt was produced by UTI89Δfur in media supplemented with [13C3]glycerol as previously described 53 . Metal-Ybt complexes were produced by adding iron(III) chloride, copper(II) sulfide or gallium(III) nitrate (Sigma) to Ybt. Metal-Ybt was applied to a methanol conditioned C18 silica column (Sigma) and eluted with 80% methanol as previously described 56 . Eluates were concentrated by lyophilization. Dried samples were resuspended in deionized water and purified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a C18 silica column (Whatman Partisil). Metal-Ybt containing fractions were collected, dried down using a lyophilizer and resuspended in deionized water. Metal-Ybt concentrations were determined using previously described extinction coefficients 56 .
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Curcumin-Loaded Silica Nanoparticles

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The chemicals Gallium (III) nitrate (99.90% purity), curcumin (99.50% purity), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) (99.00% purity), 3-Aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) (99.00% purity), cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) (99.00% purity), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (99.70% purity), acridine orange (98.90% purity), ethidium bromide (99.50% purity), and casein from bovine milk (99.00%) was procured from Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM), Foetal bovine serum (FBS), and 0.25% trypsin EDTA (Gibco BRL, Waltham, MA, USA) and Tetrazolium salt (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (98.00% purity) was obtained from (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). BCA reagent was received from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). All the experimental solutions were prepared using 18 MΩ milli-Q water 133 (Millipore system, Burlington, MA, USA). A few other analytical grade chemicals and reagents were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Ltd. Mumbai, India.
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3

Biosynthesis and Purification of Yersiniabactin

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Ybt was generated from UTI89ΔentB grown in M63 minimal salts medium supplemented with 0.2% glycerol (v/v) and 10mg ml-1 niacin (Sigma) as previously described 53 . [13C6]Ybt with a 13C-substituted phenolic ring was produced from UTI89ΔentB ΔybtS grown in M63 minimal salts medium supplemented with 0.2% glycerol (v/v), 13C6-labeled salicylic acid and 10mg ml-1 niacin (Sigma).[13C21]Ybt was produced by UTI89Δfur in media supplemented with [13C3]glycerol as previously described 53 . Metal-Ybt complexes were produced by adding iron(III) chloride, copper(II) sulfide or gallium(III) nitrate (Sigma) to Ybt. Metal-Ybt was applied to a methanol conditioned C18 silica column (Sigma) and eluted with 80% methanol as previously described 56 . Eluates were concentrated by lyophilization. Dried samples were resuspended in deionized water and purified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a C18 silica column (Whatman Partisil). Metal-Ybt containing fractions were collected, dried down using a lyophilizer and resuspended in deionized water. Metal-Ybt concentrations were determined using previously described extinction coefficients 56 .
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4

Characterization of Bacterial Siderophores

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Tannic acid (TA, ACS reagent grade), enterobactin (derived from Escherichia coli, ≥98%), diethyl ether (ACS reagent grade, 99%), acetonitrile (HPLC grade, 99.9%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH; ACS reagent grade, 97%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, ACS reagent, 37%), sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4; ACS reagent grade, 99%), Gallium (III) nitrate (99.9%), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; BioReagent grade, 99.9%) were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI). Citric acid (99%), iron (III) sulfate pentahydrate (97%), and sodium molybdate (VI) dihydrate (99%) were purchased from Acros Organic (New Jersey, US). Sodium nitrite (lab grade, 99%) was obtained from Ward’s Science+ (Rochester, NY). Deferoxamine mesylate (DFO, 97%) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Dallas, TX). Ciprofloxacin HCl (molecular biology grade) was purchased from GoldBio (St. Louis, MO). Sodium alginate was obtained from Spectrum Chemical (New Brunswick, NJ). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH = 7.4, ionic strength = 154 mM) was prepared by diluting commercially available liquid concentrate (OmniPur® 10X PBS) purchased from EMD Millipore (Burlington, MA). BacTiter-Glo microbial cell viability assay was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI). All chemicals were used as received unless otherwise noted.
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