Anti light chain 3 anti lc3

Rapamycin, palmitic acid (PA), and GLP-1 were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Anti-light chain 3 (anti-LC3) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). Antipodocin, anti-nephrin, anti-PI3K, anti-glut4, anti-caspase 3, and anti-␤-actin were from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). The membrane protein extraction kit (Thermo Mem-PERTMPlus) was from Thermo Fisher (Rockford, IL).
Animals. The animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fudan University (Shanghai, China). Male C57BL/6 mice were reared in a 12-h light-dark cycle.
Ten mice were fed with standard rodent chow (Con) and 20 were fed a diet containing 60 kcal% from fat (HFD) for 12 wk. Ten mice fed the HFD were randomly assigned to subcutaneous administration of 200 g/kg, twice daily for 4 wk (HFDG), and 10 were given normal saline alone (HFD). Body weight, food intake, fasting glucose, and insulin were measured at the end of the study. Each mouse was caged individually at week 16 to measure food intake for 5 days. At the end of treatment, all mice were anesthetized with pentobarbital and the kidneys were rapidly removed.
Podocyte culture. The MPC5 conditionally immortalized mouse podocyte cell line was cultured with interferon-␥ at 33°C for 3 days