3 4 5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl 2 5 diphenyltetrazolium

Eicosapentaenoic acid, Griess reagents, and nitrite standard were obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Novozym®435 (consisting of immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase B) was supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark). Lipopolysaccharide (O111:B4; LPS), dopamine hydrochloride, 2-methyl-2-butanol, triethylamine, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), glutamine, HEPES and 2-mercaptoethanol were from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI-1640) medium, penicillin, streptomycin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Lonza (Verviers, Belgium). ELISA kits for interleukin-6 (IL-6), macrophage-inflammatory protein-3α (MIP3A), inflammatory chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), were purchased from R&D Systems (Abingdon, UK).

3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), dexamethasone (DEX), insulin, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT), Oil Red O, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), m-hydroxyphenylglycine, p-aminophenol, ellagic acid, and 4-hydroxycoumarin were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Erycibelline was purchased from ChemFaces (Wuhan, China). 5-Hydroxy-2-pyridinemethanol was purchased from IS Chemical Technology (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), bovine serum (BS), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Invitrogen Inc. (Grand Island, NY, USA). All other chemicals were analytical reagent grade.

3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), dexamethasone (DEX), insulin, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT), Oil Red O, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and ellagic acid (EA) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Invitrogen, Inc. (Grand Island, NY, USA). All other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade.

Two-year-old whole hydroponic ginseng (HPG) were purchased from Chungjung–Saessacksam Company, Gwangju, Republic of Korea. RAW 264.7 cells were purchased from Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea) and 3T3-L1 cells were taken from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Rockville, USA. The media, Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth was purchased from Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA. The reagents, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT), insulin, dexamethasone, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), and Oil Red O (ORO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), penicillin-streptomycin solution, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Hyclone^TM (Logan, UT, USA).

Vincristine and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), and tubastatin A (HDAC6 inhibitor) was synthesized from Dr. Jing-Ping Liou (Taipei Medical University, Taiwan). The above drugs were dissolved in DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) and then preserved at −20 °C. Rhodamine 123, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium, propidium iodide, anti-β-tubulin, FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG, and all of the other chemical reagents used in this study were purchased from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA) and of analytical grade. Primary antibodies against Cdc2 (pY15), aurora B, caspase 8, caspase 9, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC4, and Bid were all purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA); cyclin B, Cdc25C, Cdc2, PARP, Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and secondary antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, USA); MPM2 (pSer/Thr) and H3 (pS10) were purchased from Upstate Biotechnology (Lake Placid, NY, USA); PLK (pT210), caspase 6, and caspase 7 were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA); caspase 3 was purchased from Imgenex (San Diego, CA, USA); acetyl-histone 3 was purchase from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA); and an internal control, GAPDH, was purchased from Novus Biologicals (Littleton, CO, USA). Vectashield® mounting medium with DAPI was purchased from Burlingame, CA, USA.

RO3280 was purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA). Z‐VAD‐FMK was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and trypan blue solution were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The Annexin V‐PI Kit was purchased from BD (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).