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5 protocols using x pert pro diffractometer

1

Materials Characterization Protocol

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“The microstructural properties and phase purity were examined using an X’Pert Pro diffractometer with a CuKα (1.5406 Å) source, BRUKER RFS 27 Standalone FT-RAMAN spectrometer and Japan-made JEOL-JEM (2010) HRTEM microscope with a BRUCKER QUANTAX 200-Z10 EDX detector. The textural analysis done by BELSORP Mini II. Surface analysis was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), a Versa Probe-III (Physical Electronics). The surface morphology was examined using a TESCAN MIRA-3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) along with an EDAX detector”.
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2

Graphene Synthesis via Ball Milling

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Wet milling process was performed using a planetary ball mill (PM.100 CM, from Retsch, Haan, Germany), Hardened steel vial (500 cc), Hardened steel balls (5 mm in diameter). Graphite powders (Sigma Aldrich, <20 µm, Schnelldorf, Germany) were milled at which the weight of the milled Graphite powders was 10 g, and the weight of the milling balls was 500 g, then, the ball to powder ratio was 50:1 (i.e. B/P = 50). The milling speed was 400 rpm, and the milling time was 60 h. The Graphite powders were milled in the presence of both kerosene (commercially available, from ExxonMobil company, Cairo, Egypt), and 2-ethylhexanol (⩾99.6%, Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA). The prepared samples were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 min to be separated from the solvent. Heat treatment of the prepared samples was performed in a tube furnace under the flow of argon gas for 3 h at 600 °C. Structural characterizations were performed via X-ray diffraction (XRD- PANalytical’s X’Pert PRO diffractometer, Almelo, Netherlands), and Raman spectroscopy (Bruker Senterra instrument, Ettlingen, Germany, with a laser of 532 nm). On the other hand, Morphological characteristics of Graphite powders and the prepared graphene sheets were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (Quanta FEG 250 (FEI, Hillsboro, USA), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM-JOEL-JEM-2100, Tokyo, Japan).
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3

Comprehensive Characterization of ZnO Nanocrystals

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The X-ray diffraction (XRD) was recorded by X’ Pert Pro diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (D8 Discover, Bruker, Germany). The morphology of the sample is characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (HT7700, Hitachi, Japan). The emission spectra of the ZnO nanocrystals were analyzed by a fluorescence spectrophotometer (F-7000, Hitachi, Japan; FLS-1000, Edinburgh Instruments, UK). The UV-Vis absorption of the ZnO nanocrystals was performed by a spectrophotometer (UH4150, Hitachi, Japan). The hydrodynamic diameter distribution of the sample was acquired by a malvern zetasizer nano series (ZEN5600, Malvern, UK). FTIR spectra of the nanocrystals were measured by a spectrometer (Nicolet 6700, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The XPS measurements were obtained by a spectrometer (EscaLab 250Xi, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The PL decay were determined by a time-corrected single photon counter system (FLS-1000, Edinburgh Instruments, UK). The PL QY of the sample was measured by a calibrated integrating sphere of a spectrometer (FLS-1000, Edinburgh Instruments, UK). The cellular and mice muscle tissue imaging pictures were acquired at a laser scanning confocal microscope (Leica TCS SP8 STED 3X, Leica Microsystems, Germany).
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4

Comprehensive Characterization of H2Mf(HpOXA)2

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IR spectra were recorded neat at 25 °C using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum GX series with FT system spectrophotometer using the ATR device. 13C-CPMAS spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance DPX-400 (101 MHz). The following conditions were applied: spectral width 30.242 kHz, acquisition time 33.8 ms, contact time 2000 ms, rotation rate 8 kHz, relaxation delay 5 s, and up to 256 scans for each spectrum were collected. Room temperature X-ray powder diffraction data were collected on a PAN Analytical X′Pert PRO diffractometer with Cu Kα1 radiation (λ = 1.5405 Å, 45 kV, 40 mA) or on a D8 Focus Bruker AXS instrument using Cu Kα1 radiation (λ = 1.542 Å, 35 kV, 25 mA). Texture analysis of H2Mf(HpOXA)2 was performed in an ASAP-2050 Xtended Pressure Sorption Analyzer of Micromeritics. Prior to measurement, vacuum sample activation was performed for 10 min to 150 °C, the measuring temperature was 75.15 K and it was maintained through a liquid nitrogen dewar. The gas used for the analysis was N2 (gas). For measurements, 40.8 mg of the activated mass sample were taken. DSC and TG measurements were performed in a Q2000 equipment and a Thermobalance Q5000 IR, respectively, of TA instruments. In both cases, approximately 3.0–5.0 mg of sample was used and a gradient of 5.00 °C/min from room temperature to 350 °C under air flux of 25 mL/min in an open (TG) or pin-holed panels (DSC).
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5

Comprehensive Characterization of Fe3O4@C Nanocomposite

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The phase structure of the Fe 3 O 4 @C was characterized by an x-ray PANalytical X'Pert PRO diffractometer (XRD) with a Cu K α source and a Bruker micro Raman spectrometer with a 532 nm excitation, respectively. The surface morphology and elemental analysis were investigated by a JEOL JSM 7500F scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an attached EDAX energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The microstructure was visualized by a JEM 2010 transmission electron microscope (TEM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis were carried out on a simultaneous thermal analyzer NETZSCH 449 F3 with a ramp rate of 5 °C min -1 at ambient atmosphere to determine the carbon content in the Fe 3 O 4 @C. NETZSCH DSC 204F1 was also employed to analyze the reaction of the starting materials in the autoclave using a sealed aluminum pan. The thermal behavior during the reaction was recorded by an FLIR E40 thermal imaging camera. The main components of the exhaust gas in the autoclave were measured by a flue gas analyzer (MRU Vario Plus, Germany).
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