We referred to the publication by W. Krzysciak to prepare the SEM sample preparation45 (link) PDMS microfluidic chip was separated from the glass substrate, and Candida albicans cells were kept in the microchannels because they were adhesive. The PDMS chip was washed three times with 0.1 M PBS, and treated with 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 h at room temperature. Then the PDMS was fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde for 2 h at room temperature. The PDMS was dehydrated using graded ethanol (10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100%) and putted in vacuum freeze-drying machine for 8 hours. Finally, the PDMS was mounted on microscope stubs and sputtered with a thin layer of gold, and then examined using a Leica S440 scanning electron microscope.
S440 scanning electron microscope
Manufactured by Leica
The S440 Scanning Electron Microscope is a high-performance instrument designed for detailed surface analysis and imaging. It utilizes a focused electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, producing high-resolution images that reveal the topography and composition of the material under examination.
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Lab products found in correlation
3 protocols using s440 scanning electron microscope
1
SEM Preparation of Candida albicans
2
Porifera Collection and Examination in the Antarctic
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Steps: Study area: The Southern Ocean with particular emphasis on the coastal shelf areas of the Bellingshausen Sea and Antarctic Peninsula as well as the Peter I, Deception and Livingston islands, without specific temporal sampling patterns.
Sampling: Porifera were collected during oceanographic cruises in the Antarctic Ocean from 1994 to 2003 as part of the Spanish expeditions Bentart 94, Bentart 95, Bentart 03, Gebrap 96 and Ciemar 99/00. The database has been upgraded with data collected in 2013. Specimens were fixed in 4% formaldehyde or 70% ethanol and then preserved in 70% ethanol. Treatment in formalin made it possible to carry out cytological studies. In the laboratory the organic matter was digested with nitric acid taken to boiling point according to the methods developed by Rützler (1978) and Cristobo et al. (1993) . The spicules of some samples were examined using a Leica S440 Scanning Electron Microscope.
Quality control: Systematic reliability and consistency were checked by Pilar Rios and Javier Cristobo. Identification was based on species descriptions by different authors compiled in Systema Porifera (Hooper and Soest 2002 ). The doctoral thesis by Rios (2007) was used to check Antarctic species. The classification system proposed by Van Soest and Hajdu (2002) was used.
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3
Dissociated Spicule Analysis Protocol
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For the study of dissociated spicules, the organic matter was digested with nitric acid taken to boiling point following the methods of Rützler (1978) and Cristobo et al. (1993) . The skeleton sections were made following protocols as outlined in Ríos (2006) . Spicules of the holotype were examined with a Leica S440 Scanning Electron Microscope, previously metalized with gold-palladium in a sputtering Polarun SC 7640. The data for spicule sizes are based on 25 measurements for each spicule category, comprising minimum, average and maximum lengths in micrometers (µm). General classification and the names of class, subclass, order and suborders follow the classification proposed by Morrow and Cárdenas (2015) (link) and highlighted in the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) (link).
The type material was deposited at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain (MNCN), Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (NHM) and Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN).
The type material was deposited at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain (MNCN), Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (NHM) and Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN).
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