Citric acid monohydrate

Manufactured by Merck Group

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Citric acid monohydrate is a white, crystalline compound commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is the monohydrate form of citric acid, which is a naturally occurring weak acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid monohydrate is soluble in water and has a mildly acidic pH.

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Lab products found in correlation

Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (19 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (17 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (13 mentions) Acetic acid, by Merck Group (12 mentions) Ethanol, by Merck Group (12 mentions) Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (9 mentions) Methanol, by Merck Group (9 mentions) D glucose, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Sodium phosphate dibasic, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Peptone, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Urea, by Merck Group (7 mentions) Sodium acetate, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Acetone, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Choline chloride, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (6 mentions) Yeast extract, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Trisodium citrate dihydrate, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Ethyl acetate, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (5 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7·H2O) Citric acid

181 protocols using citric acid monohydrate

Metabolite Extraction and Quantification

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Methanol (LC-MS grade), acetonitrile (LC-MS grade), water (LC-MS grade), trichloroacetic acid, disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate and disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were purchased from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy). Formic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ammonium hydroxide, sodium chloride, Formic acid, citric acid monohydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).
Na 2 EDTA-McIlvaine buffer pH 3.5, was prepared by dissolving 11.80 g of citric acid monohydrate; 13.72 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate; 33.62 g ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt in 1000 mL of water.
For solid phase extraction were used OASIS ® HLB cartridges 3 cc (60 mg) (Waters, Milford, MA).

Alija G., Hajrulai-Musliu Z., & Uzunov R. (2020). Development and validation of confirmatory LC–MS/MS method for multi-residue analysis of antibiotic drugs in bovine milk. SN Applied Sciences, 2(9).

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Synthesis and Characterization of Citric Acid-Derived Carbon Nanodots

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Citric acid monohydrate, benzophenone, and
all organic solvents were purchased from Millipore-Sigma and used
without further purification. Ultrapure water was processed using
a Milli-Q (Milford, MA, USA) system. CNDs were prepared according
to the previously reported procedure.^{26 (link)} Briefly, citric acid was placed in a vial and heated under air at
180 °C for 40 h to produce a brown solid in 27% yield, which
was used without further purification. Measurements in all solvents
were done with concentrations of CNDs of 0.05 mg/mL solutions, except
for water where due to lesser solubility, exact concentration was
not measured.

, & Jalilov A.S. (2020). Solvent Effect on Structural Elucidation of Photoluminescent Graphitic Carbon Nanodots. ACS Omega, 5(32), 20409-20416.

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Polymer Foam Synthesis Protocols

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Dimethyl carbonate (99%, DMC), tannic acid (TA), glutaraldehyde (50 wt.% in water, GA), citric acid monohydrate (≥98%, CA), trans-aconitic acid (98%), DL-malic acid (≥99%), maleic acid (≥99%), and DMSO-d₆ (99.5%) were purchased from MilliporeSigma (Burlington, MA). Chitosan (95% deacetylated, CH) was purchased from Greentech Biochemicals (Qingdao, China). Hexamethylenediamine was purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA). All water was deionized (18 MΩ). Rigid commercial polyurethane foam was purchased from Dick Blick Art Materials (Sculpture Block, Galesburg, IL, USA).

Smith D.L., Rodriguez-Melendez D., Cotton S.M., Quan Y., Wang Q, & Grunlan J.C. (2022). Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Bio-Foam with Inherent Heat and Fire Resistance. Polymers, 14(22), 5019.

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Synthesis of Starch-Based Hydrogels

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For the synthesis of hydrogels, we used a commercial starch (ST, Maizena brand), low acyl gellan gum (GGLA; Kelcogel from CP Kelco, Atlanta, GA, USA), citric acid (CA) monohydrate (≥99.0% from Sigma-Aldrich, Lisboa, Portugal), halloysite (HAL; 30–70 nm × 1–3 μm nanotubes from Sigma-Aldrich), and bentonite (BET; hydrophilic powder made of ≤25 μm particles from Sigma-Aldrich). All substances were used as received.

Sabadini R.C., Fernandes M., Bermudez V.D., Pawlicka A, & Silva M.M. (2023). Hydrogels Based on Natural Polymers Loaded with Bentonite and/or Halloysite: Composition Impact on Spectroscopic, Thermal, and Swelling Properties. Molecules, 29(1), 131.

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Preparation of Cellulose-Based Filters

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Urea (purity 99.0–100.5%) and citric acid (CA) monohydrate (purity 99.5%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and Alfa Aesar, respectively. Nitric acid (HNO₃) 70% and water (purity ≥ 99.9) were bought from Fischer Chemical. The cellulose grade one paper filters (11 µm particle retention) were supplied by Whatman (GE Healthcare Life Sciences). The SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing membrane 3.5 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO, 35 mm) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Stachowska J.D., Murphy A., Mellor C., Fernandes D., Gibbons E.N., Krysmann M.J., Kelarakis A., Burgaz E., Moore J, & Yeates S.G. (2021). A rich gallery of carbon dots based photoluminescent suspensions and powders derived by citric acid/urea. Scientific Reports, 11, 10554.

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Synthesis and Characterization of DOPG Liposomes

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The synthesis of large
unilamellar vesicles (LUV) or liposomes of DOPG lipids has been previously
reported^{49 (link),50 (link)} and is discussed in more detail in the Supporting Information. DOPG was purchased from
Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. in powder form. Citric acid monohydrate
(≥99.0%), potassium hydroxide purified pellets (≥85%),
and malachite green chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The
molecular structure of the malachite green cation, C₂₃H₂₅N₂⁺, is shown in Figure S4a of the Supporting Information. The colloidal liposomes
are characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta-potential
measurements using a Zetasizer Nano ZS from Malvern Instruments Inc.,
U.K. All measurements of the DOPG liposomes in this study are conducted
in 5 mM citrate buffer with pH 4.0. The average diameter of the DOPG
liposomes is measured to be 137 ± 42 nm with a polydispersity
index of 0.07. Similarly, the corresponding zeta potential is determined
to be −73.2 ± 1.1 mV.

Hamal P., Subasinghege Don V., Nguyenhuu H., Ranasinghe J.C., Nauman J.A., McCarley R.L., Kumar R, & Haber L.H. (2021). Influence of Temperature on Molecular Adsorption and Transport at Liposome Surfaces Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Second Harmonic Generation Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B, 125(37), 10506-10513.

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Copper Removal from Aqueous Solutions

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Ultrapure water (Thermo science® NANOpure, U.S.A) was used. Copper (II) sulphate‐5‐hydrate (99%–102%), oxalic acid (≥98%), citric acid monohydrate (≥98%), DL‐malic acid (≥98%), ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA, ≥98%), L‐histidine (≥98%), L‐glutamic acid (≥99%), L‐tyrosine (≥99%), glycine (≥98%), D‐(+)‐glucose (≥99.5%), sucrose (≥99%), D‐(‐)‐fructose (≥99%), starch (from wheat), casein (Hammarsten bovine, protein >95%), pepsin (pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa, ≥250 unites m/g solid), and pancreatin (pancreatin from porcine, 4×USP specifications) were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Whey protein (food grade) was purchased from Ji'nan Shenghe Chemical Co., Ltd; bile was extracted from fresh porcine gall bladders and stored at −20°C until use.
Commercially available standard solution of Cu (1,000 mg/L; Institute for Environmental Reference Materials of Ministry of Environmental Protection [IERM], China) was used to prepare calibration curves.

Wu M., Ke L., Zhi M., Qin Y, & Han J. (2021). The influence of gastrointestinal pH on speciation of copper in simulated digestive juice. Food Science & Nutrition, 9(9), 5174-5182.

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Extraction and Quantification of Anthocyanins

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All solvents and chemicals used for extraction, including methanol (99.9%), ethyl acetate (99%), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) were of analytical grade and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). Potassium sorbate, citric acid monohydrate, and anhydrous sodium phosphate were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). Hydrochloric acid (37%) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK).
Purified water, purified through a Purite reverse osmosis system (SUEZ Water Purification Systems Ltd., Thame, Oxon, UK), was used for buffer preparations, as well as for analyses. The anthocyanin standards of C3G (96%), C3R (96%), D3G (95%), and D3R (95%) were obtained from ExtraSynthese Ltd. (Genay, France). The copigments and ferulic, caffeic, chlorogenic, and rosmarinic acids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK).

Azman E.M., Yusof N., Chatzifragkou A, & Charalampopoulos D. (2022). Stability Enhancement of Anthocyanins from Blackcurrant (Ribes Nigrum L.) Pomace through Intermolecular Copigmentation. Molecules, 27(17), 5489.

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Nanoparticle Synthesis and Characterization

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Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (97%), iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (99%), iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO) 5 , octyl ether (purity grade, 99%), oleic acid (99%), trimethylamine N-oxide (98%), cyclohexane (499.9%), ethyl alcohol (499.8%), sodium hydroxide solution 33%, hydrogen chloride solution 37%, tetramethylammonium hydroxide 25% wt solution in water (TMAOH), sodium chloride (499.5%), tri-sodium citrate dihydrate (499%), citric acid monohydrate (499.5%), 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF, c95% HPLC), chloroform (99.9% HPLC grade), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 99.5%), and Triton X-100 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) was purchased from Avanti polar lipids. HEPES [4-(2hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethane-sulfonic acid] (ultra c99.5%) and concentrated nitric acid (90%) were purchased from Fluka. Methanol (99.8%) was purchased from Panreac Quimica Sau and Sephadex G-25 Superfine from Pharmacia Fine Chemicals. Fetal bovine serum was purchased from HyClone.
All the reagents were used as supplied, except for trimethylamine N-oxide that was dehydrated immediately before use.

Nappini S ., Fogli S ., Castroflorio B ., Bonini M ., Baldelli Bombelli F , & Baglioni P . (2016). Magnetic field responsive drug release from magnetoliposomes in biological fluids. Journal of materials chemistry. B, 4(4).

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Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent Conjugates

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Citric acid monohydrate, sucrose, ethylenediamine, protoporphyrin IX, sodium chloride, (N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide), N-Hydroxysuccinimide, 2-hydroxyethylagarose, formaldehyde, perinaphthenone, 2-(N-Morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, 2-mercaptoethanol and N,N-dimethylformamide were acquired from Sigma Aldrich (United Kingdom). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, high glucose), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, high glucose, without phenol red), foetal bovine serum (FBS), Quant-iT Picogreen dsDNA quantification kit, Pierce LDH cytotoxicity assay kit, and trypsin-EDTA were obtained from Thermo Fisher (United Kingdom). Syringe filters with a 0.2 μm pore size were acquired from Sarstedt (United Kingdom). 1 KDa MWCO, 6.4 ml/cm dialysis tubing was acquired from Spectrum Labs (United States of America). All chemicals were used as received unless stated otherwise. Deionized water was used for all buffers and samples in experiments. Septa steel ring caps and 35 ml glass reaction vessels were obtained from CEM Corporation (United Kingdom).

Aguilar Cosme J.R., Gagui D.C., Bryant H.E, & Claeyssens F. (2021). Morphological Response in Cancer Spheroids for Screening Photodynamic Therapy Parameters. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 8, 784962.

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