Imazalil

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, Spain, United States

Imazalil is a fungicide used in various laboratory and industrial applications. It is an imidazole derivative that functions as an inhibitor of ergosterol biosynthesis, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. Imazalil is commonly utilized in applications that require controlling the growth of fungi and yeasts.

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Lab products found in correlation

21 protocols using imazalil

Pesticide Exposure Effects on BM-MSCs

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Three doses of pesticides were used. The first was the high nutritional daily intake (hNDI), calculated for the French population of all ages and corresponding to the lowest doses of pesticides used in our study. The second was the ADI, which is the threshold of safety in humans for lifetime exposure. The last was a value of three times the ADI (3ADI).
BM-MSCs were amplified as previously described [20 (link)]. Briefly, they were cultured in 150 cm² flasks (Corning^® cell culture flask, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 3 weeks (37 °C, 5% CO₂) in α-MEM supplemented with FGF2 (1 ng/mL, R&D system, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were tested at passages 2 to 4 (2000–4000 cells/cm²). This medium, supplemented with pesticides (hNDI, ADI and 3ADI), was renewed every 3 days. The doses of pesticides used (chlorpyrifos ethyl, dimethoate, diazinon, iprodione, imazalil, maneb and mancozeb; Sigma-Aldrich) were extrapolated, for each pesticide, from 3 values according to previous studies (Table S2) [9 (link),10 (link)].

Foucault A., Ravalet N., Besombes J., Picou F., Gallay N., Babin L., Bourgeais J., Hamard S., Domenech J., Loyer P., Vallet N., Lejeune J., Gyan E., Béné M.C., Vallette F., Olivier C, & Hérault O. (2021). Low-Dose Pesticides Alter Primary Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells through ALDH2 Inhibition. Cancers, 13(22), 5699.

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Pesticide Standards Quantification Protocol

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Clothianidin (CAS no. 210880-92-5, Batch no. EDFL036131) and thiacloprid (CAS no. 111988-49-9, Batch no. EDTE013890) were supplied by Bayer AG (Leverkusen, Germany). Imazalil (CAS no. 35554-44-0, Batch no. 1-TAH-30-1) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany).

Alarcan J., Sprenger H., Waizenegger J., Lichtenstein D., Luckert C., Marx-Stoelting P., Lampen A, & Braeuning A. (2021). Transcriptomics analysis of hepatotoxicity induced by the pesticides imazalil, thiacloprid and clothianidin alone or in binary mixtures in a 28-day study in female Wistar rats. Archives of Toxicology, 95(3), 1039-1053.

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Characterization of High-Molecular-Weight Chitosan

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HMWC with approximately 2,000 kDa, glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN) and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Trypan blue and chitosanase from Streptomyces griseus were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. Potato dextrose broth (PD) was purchased from Difco™ (Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, MD, USA). MTT, WST, thiabendazole and imazalil were also purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. All other reagents were used without further purification and were of the highest grade available.

Lee C.G., Koo J.C, & Park J.K. (2016). Antifungal Effect of Chitosan as Ca2+ Channel Blocker. The Plant Pathology Journal, 32(3), 242-250.

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Preparation of Chemical Stock Solutions

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Prochloraz (purity 99.1%, CAS 67747-09-5), tributyltin (TBT) chloride (96%, CAS 1461-22-9), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA, 2,2-bis(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane) (97%, CAS 79-94-7), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (96%, CAS 335-67-1), imazalil (99.7%, CAS 35554-44-0), butralin (99.8%, CAS 33629-47-9), clofibrate (CAS 637-07-0), and gemfibrozil (CAS 25812-30-0) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA, 2,2-bis(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane) (95%, CAS 79-95-8) was purchased from TCI America (Portland, OR). All chemicals were dissolved and diluted in DMSO to make 1000× stock solutions.

Kalasekar S.M., Zacharia E., Kessler N., Ducharme N.A., Gustafsson J.Å., Kakadiaris I.A, & Bondesson M. (2014). Identification of environmental chemicals that induce yolk malabsorption in zebrafish using automated image segmentation. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 55, 20-29.

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Fungal Strain Cultivation and Fungicide Preparation

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B. cinerea strain B05.10 was obtained from the VTT culture collection (http://culturecollection.vtt.fi, ref. D-071295). To prepare conidial suspension, a mycelial disc of B. cinerea was inoculated onto malt extract agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) plates and incubated for 2 weeks at 22ºC. The conidia were harvested by flooding the cultures with sterile distilled water or potato dextrose broth (PDB; BD Biosciences, Spark, MD, USA), rubbing the surface with a spreader, and then filtered through four sheets of Miracloth (Chicopee Mills Inc., Milltown, NJ, USA). Schizophyllum commune KUC9080 isolated from a soil of Gurye, Korea was used to construct a microbial culture extract library. The KUC9080 strain was maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. Tebuconazole and chlorothalonil were obtained from Kyung Nong Co. Ltd (Seoul, Korea), and boscalid, dichlofluanid, fenhexamid, fludioxonil, iprodione, difenoconazole, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, fenpropimorph, imazalil, and prochloraz in this study were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Park M.Y., Jeon B.J., Kang J.E, & Kim B.S. (2020). Synergistic Interactions of Schizostatin Identified from Schizophyllum commune with Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides. The Plant Pathology Journal, 36(6), 579-590.

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Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of DMIs

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AFST with 14-α demethylation inhibiting fungicides (DMIs) was performed following the EUCAST methodology as described before. Environmental DMIs tested for microdilution assay were two imidazole drugs, imazalil and prochloraz; and five triazole drugs, tebuconazole, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole, bromuconazole and metconazole, all of them purchased at Sigma-Aldrich Química, Madrid, Spain. The final concentrations of each azole drug tested ranged from 0.06 to 32 mg/L. MICs were visually read as described before. Clinical breakpoints for DMIs have not been standardized yet so wild-type strain MICs were considered as susceptible.

Gonzalez-Jimenez I., Lucio J., Amich J., Cuesta I., Sanchez Arroyo R., Alcazar-Fuoli L, & Mellado E. (2020). A Cyp51B Mutation Contributes to Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Fungi, 6(4), 315.

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Analytical Standards for Environmental and Toxicological Analysis

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LC grade solvents, methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN), dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂), hexane, and octanol were purchased from VWR BDH Chemicals HiPerSolv Chromanorm (Milan, Italy). Milli-Q water was produced using a Millipore Direct-Q 3 UV purification system (Millipore Corp., Milan, Italy). Fused silica capillaries of various internal (I.D.) and external (O.D.) diameters were purchased from Polymicro Technologies (Phoenix, USA).
Pesticides: chlorpyriphos (CAS 2921-88-2; PESTANAL, analytical standard 99.9% purity), imazalil (CAS 35554-44-0; PESTANAL, analytical standard 99.8% purity), and benomyl (CAS 17804-35-2; PESTANAL, analytical standard, ≥ 98.0% purity) were supplied by Sigma Aldrich. imazalil and benomyl stock solutions were prepared gravimetrically at 1000 mg/L concentration in ACN. Chlorpyrifos stock solution was prepared gravimetrically at a concentration of 1000 mg/L in ACN. Solutions of chlorpyrifos at 50, 100, and 500 mg/L were prepared by diluting the stock solution with the same solvent.
Cocaine (CAS 50-36-2; Cerilliant, Certified Reference Material) stock solution at a concentration of 1000 mg/L in ACN was provided and manipulated by the Toxicology Laboratory A.S.T. AV1, (Pesaro, Italy).
Caffeine (CAS 58-08-2; analytical standard > 99.0% purity) solution was prepared gravimetrically at 1000 mg/L concentration in ACN.

Arigò A., Famiglini G., Marittimo N., Agostini M., Renzoni C., Palma P, & Cappiello A. (2023). Extractive-liquid sampling electron ionization-mass spectrometry (E-LEI-MS): a new powerful combination for direct analysis. Scientific Reports, 13, 6429.

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Swab Preparation and Solution Analysis

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Copan 160C minitip rayon swabs with an aluminum applicator contained in a plastic tube (Copan Italy, Brescia, Italy) were used for all experiments. Glass vials for the preparation of stock solutions and silanized inserts for the preparation of the dilution series were purchased from BGB Analytik AG (Böckten, Switzerland). Methanol and ethyl acetate (LiChrosolv hypergrade LC-MS quality), formic acid (Lichropur LC-MS grade), salicylanilide (99%), boscalid, imazalil, and thiabendazole standards (PESTANAL, analytical standards) were purchased from Merck/Sigma-Aldrich (Buchs, Switzerland). Experiments were performed with either a mixture of methanol/ethyl acetate (30/70, v/v) (solvent A) or with methanol (solvent B), both containing 0.1% formic acid modifier.

Muggli T.M, & Schürch S. (2023). Analysis of Pesticide Residues on Fruit Using Swab Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Molecules, 28(18), 6611.

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Nano-Cs-NAT Synthesis and Analysis

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The reagents required for Nano-Cs-NAT synthesis: medium molecular weight chitosan, N-isopropylacrylamide, acrylic acid, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and ammonium persulphate, were all supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), as well as the analytical standards of penconazole, imazalil, hexaconazole, usilazole, triticonazole, diniconazole, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, bromuconazole, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and difenoconazole. LC-MS grade acetonitrile, methanol and water were purchased by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetic acid was acquired from Fisher Scientic (Waltham, MA, USA). Working solutions were daily prepared from methanol stock solutions conserved at -20 °C.

Martello L., Rapti A., Bikiaris D.N, & Lambropoulou D.A. (2024). Synthesis and evaluation of a chitosan nanomaterial as efficient sorbent for determination of fungicide residues in waters and wine by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications, 16(6).

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Optimization of SALD-FμTP-MS for Quantitative Analysis

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Acetonitrile (ACN), butylene
glycol (BG), ethylene glycol (EG), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), methanol
(MeOH), propylene glycol (PG), and water (LC-MS grade) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Whatman No. 1 paper was obtained
from Cytiva (Buckinghamshire, UK) through Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain).
The MALDI matrices, including 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB),
α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), and 3-nitrobenzonitrile
(3-NBN), were also acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Analytical
standards of amphetamine, cholesterol, cocaine, codeine, imazalil,
and methamphetamine as well as human plasma were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
(Madrid, Spain). All solutions were prepared by mixing MeOH and water
(1:1) to obtain the desired concentrations. For optimizing SALD-FμTP-MS,
a solution containing 50 μM amphetamine, imazalil, and cholesterol
was used.

Bouza M., Ahlmann N., García-Reyes J.F, & Franzke J. (2023). Solvent-Assisted Laser Desorption Flexible Microtube Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Direct Analysis of Dried Samples on Paper. Analytical Chemistry, 95(50), 18370-18378.

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