Microcrystalline cellulose powder

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Microcrystalline cellulose powder is a refined, purified, and partially depolymerized cellulose product. It is derived from natural cellulose and is primarily used as an excipient in pharmaceutical and food applications.

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Microcrystalline cellulose (110 citations) Cellulose powder (10 citations) Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder (8 citations)

7 protocols using microcrystalline cellulose powder

Synthesis and Characterization of CNC/SWCNT Hybrids

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K₄Fe(CN)₆·3H₂O, K₃Fe(CN)₆, Ru(NH₃)₆Cl₃, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) (≥ 99%), transferrin (≥ 98%), human serum (certified reference material, ERM-DA470K/IFCC), potassium osmate (VI) dihydrate, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylenediamine (TEMED), potassium nitrate (≥ 98%), uric acid, dopamine, l-tyrosine, and cellulose microcrystalline powder (20 µm) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Hydrochloric acid (37%), sulfuric acid (95–98%), sodium chloride, disodium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were purchased from PanReac (Barcelona, Spain).
SWCNTs were acquired from Carbon Solutions Inc. (type P2-SWNT, Riverside, CA, USA). These correspond to a purified material following a non-specified non-oxidative process.
For the synthesis of CNC and characterization of CNC/SW hybrids, ultrapure water was obtained from a Siemens Ultraclear device, with a conductivity of 0.055 μS cm⁻¹. For the analytical studies, all aqueous solutions were prepared in Milli-Q water (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany).

Dortez S., Sierra T., Álvarez-Sánchez M.Á., González-Domínguez J.M., Benito A.M., Maser W.K., Crevillen A.G, & Escarpa A. (2022). Effect of nanocellulose polymorphism on electrochemical analytical performance in hybrid nanocomposites with non-oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Mikrochimica Acta, 189(2), 62.

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Microparticle-Aided Gut Clearance

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On day 10, all surviving individuals from each experimental unit were kept for 3 h in 15 mL falcon tubes filled with filtered ADaM and 1.5 g/L of cellulose microparticles (20 µm cellulose microcrystalline powder, Sigma-Aldrich). The addition of microparticles allowed for the removal of transient bacteria as gut content is filled with the sterile cellulose microparticles through grazing (gut clearance). For each replicate, the guts of three individuals were dissected and frozen at −80°C until further processing. Bacterial communities in the medium were collected from each experimental unit at the end of the experiment by passing 50 mL of the medium over a 0.22 µm nitrocellulose filter (Millipore, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA); filters were stored at −80°C until further processing.

Callens M., De Meester L., Muylaert K., Mukherjee S, & Decaestecker E. (2020). The bacterioplankton community composition and a host genotype dependent occurrence of taxa shape the Daphnia magna gut bacterial community. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 96(8), fiaa128.

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Microcrystalline Cellulose-Starch Composite Synthesis

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Microcrystalline cellulose powder was kindly provided by Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Maize starch was purchased from Beijing Quanfeng Starch Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). Glycerol and Xylitol were purchased from Beijing Lanyi Chemical Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) and used as received.

Zheng Y., Fu Z., Li D, & Wu M. (2018). Effects of Ball Milling Processes on the Microstructure and Rheological Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose as a Sustainable Polymer Additive. Materials, 11(7), 1057.

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Ulvan-based Hydrogel Biomaterial Synthesis

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Ulvan polysaccharide powder extracted by Ulva armoricana was provided by ELICITYL (France) (molecular weight, from 90 to 500 kDa). Microcrystalline cellulose powder (MCC), sodium periodate (NaIO4), hyaluronic acid (Mw = 1.5-1.8 MDa), Pluronic acid F-127, Bovine Serum Albumin, 2-Hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (Irgacure D-2959), methacrylic anhydride and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, St. Louis, (USA). Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were purchased from VWR, Fontenay-sous-Bois (France). Concentrated sulfuric acid (95−98%) was purchased from Laborspirit, Santo Antão do Tojal (Portugal). Sodium hyaluronate (Mw = 253 kDa) purchased from Lifecore Biomedical, Minnesota, Chaska (USA).

Massironi A., Franco A.R., Babo P.S., Puppi D., Chiellini F., Reis R.L, & Gomes M.E. (2022). Development and Characterization of Highly Stable Silver NanoParticles as Novel Potential Antimicrobial Agents for Wound Healing Hydrogels. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(4), 2161.

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Cellulose Hydrolysis Using Enzymatic Pretreatment

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Micro-crystalline cellulose powder with a particle size in the range 20–160 µm (degree of polymerization ~295 as given by the supplier) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Rehovot, Israel). Sodium hydroxide, 1-butanol, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and β-Glucosidase from Aspergillus niger were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Rehovot, Israel). Castor oil was obtained from Chen Samuel chemicals (Haifa, Israel). Celluclast 1.5 L was Purchased from Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark).

Hamal E.K., Alfassi G., Antonenko M., Rein D.M, & Cohen Y. (2024). Cellulose-coated emulsion micro-particles self-assemble with yeasts for cellulose bio-conversion. Scientific Reports, 14, 5499.

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Ionic Liquid-Assisted Cellulose Dissolution

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Microcrystalline cellulose powder (MCC) with
a viscosity-average degree of polymerization (DP) of 270 (purity ≥95%,
water content <5%) and DMSO (99.5% pure, CAS 67-68-5) were purchased
from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). Three ILs used in this work
were 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C₄mim][CH₃COO], CAS 284049-75-8), 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate
([C₃mim][CH₃COO]), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
acetate ([C₂mim][CH₃COO], CAS 143314-17-4) (Figure 5), which were supplied
by Nuowei Chemistry Co., Ltd. (Wuhu, Anhui, China). All of these ILs
were ≥95% pure (water content <0.5%) and used without further
purification. The deuterated DMSO (DMSO-d₆, CAS 2206-27-1) (>99.0% pure) used for NMR samples was purchased
from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan).

Ren F., Wang J., Yu J., Zhong C., Xie F, & Wang S. (2021). Dissolution of Cellulose in Ionic Liquid–DMSO Mixtures: Roles of DMSO/IL Ratio and the Cation Alkyl Chain Length. ACS Omega, 6(41), 27225-27232.

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Cellulose Pretreatment for Biofilm and Degradation

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Cellulose filter paper (Whatman, Qualitative, Grade 1, Cole-Palmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) and microcrystalline cellulose powder (Sigma-Aldrich, cat# 310697, St. Louis, MO, USA) were pretreated with concentrated phosphoric acid [39 (link),40 (link)] before being used as substrates for biofilm formation and cellulose degradation. This pretreatment resulted in digestible filter paper discs that were consistent in mass when dried and weighed. The cellulose powder was pretreated to make regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC) as described previously [40 (link)] and quantified by the phenol-sulfuric acid method [41 (link)]. Filter paper discs (25 mm diameter) were dried overnight at 60 °C before being added to 15 mL of 83% phosphoric acid in Petri dishes (90 mm diameter) for 12 h. Each Petri dish contained 10 filter paper discs. The filter paper discs were then transferred to a glass beaker with running distilled water. After washing with running distilled water for 24 h to remove phosphoric acid, NaOH solution (1 M) was added to the beaker to adjust the pH to 6.5. The prepared RAC and filter paper discs were used as a substrate to study biofilm formation and cellulose degradation.

Deng Y, & Wang S.Y. (2022). Sorption of Cellulases in Biofilm Enhances Cellulose Degradation by Bacillus subtilis. Microorganisms, 10(8), 1505.

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