Spatial learning and memory were evaluated by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test starting 14 days after TGI and specified treatments as described previously with modifications.48 (link),49 (link) Briefly, mice were trained to locate a platform in opaque water during two successive daily sessions with a 1-h intersession interval. During the cued test on day 1–2, a submerged but flagged platform was placed in a different quadrant in every session. On day 3–5 or 3–6, mice were trained to locate a hidden platform (no flag) at a fixed location. Latency, pathlength, swim speeds and percent time spent swimming in the zone containing the platform were recorded using a video tracking system (Noldus Information Technology, Tacoma, WA). On day 6 or 7, a 1-min probe trial, in which the platform was removed, was performed to test memory retention.
Video tracking system
Manufactured by Noldus
Sourced in Netherlands
The Video Tracking System is a core piece of lab equipment designed to precisely track and record the movement and behavior of subjects within a controlled environment. The system utilizes advanced video technology to capture and analyze the movements of subjects in real-time, providing researchers with valuable data for their studies.
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Lab products found in correlation
27 protocols using video tracking system
1
Spatial Learning and Memory Assessment in Mice
2
Visible Platform Spatial Memory Task
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This task was conducted in a 120 cm diameter pool (San Diego Instruments) filled with opaque water, but without the partitions used for the radial arm water maze task. Training for this task was carried out over 2 days with 3 morning and 3 afternoon trials on each day. Intertrial intervals were 15 to 20 min, and rest periods between morning and afternoon sessions were 2-3 h. Each trial was a maximum of 120 s during which time the animals were required to swim to a marked visible escape platform located just above the water surface. Animals that did not reach the platform within the allotted time were guided to it and allowed to sit there for 15 s before returning to their home cage. The location of the platform was varied among 4 different locations such that it was not present in the same location on any two successive trials. Water temperature was maintained at approximately 24°C, and animals were dried and placed in a clean warmed cage after each trial to prevent hypothermia. Animal movements were recorded using a video-tracking system (Noldus) and time required to reach the platform (latency) and swim speed were determined using Ethovision XT behavioral analysis software (Noldus).
3
Spatial Memory Evaluation in Mice
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Spatial learning and memory were evaluated using a conventional MWM as previously described [39 (link),40 (link),41 (link)]. During the MWM training, an escape platform (10 cm in diameter) made of white plastic was submerged 1.0 cm below the water level. The swim path of each mouse during each trial was recorded by a video camera connected to a video tracking system (Noldus, Wageningen, Netherlands). On the day prior to the spatial training, all mice underwent pretraining to assess their swimming ability and acclimatize the mice to the pool (n = 12–15 per group). The mice that floated in the pool during the pretraining stage were excluded from the experiment. A 4-day training session consisting of four 60-s training trials (inter-trial interval: 20–30 min) per day was conducted with a hidden platform placed at the same location in the pool (northeast quadrant). The mice that failed to locate the platform within 60 s were placed on the platform for 20 s during the training period. The escape latency time to reach the platform was recorded in each trial. Three probe trials were performed 48 h after the final training trial. During the probe trial, the mice were allowed to swim for 60 s after the platform was removed from the pool. The platform-crossing frequencies were recorded to evaluate the changes in long-term spatial memory in each group.
4
Evaluating Locomotor Activity and Anxiety in Mice
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An open field test was performed to measure locomotor activity (total distance traveled) and anxiety-related behavior (percent time animals spent in the center of arena, 25% of the total area) using a video tracking system (Noldus, Leesburg, VA) as previously described (Taraschenko et al., 2019 (link), 2021 (link)). Mice were habituated in the testing room for 30 min prior to being placed into the custom-made clear acrylic chamber (49 L × 49 W × 38 H cm) and were allowed to move freely during a 20-min trial. Total distance traveled and percent time spent in the center were calculated as previously described (Taraschenko et al., 2019 (link), 2021 (link)). The intensity of illumination of the open field apparatus was 365 Lux.
5
Open Field Locomotion and Anxiety
6
Tracking Mite Migration Patterns on Tomato Plants
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Migration activities of mites were recorded by video-tracking system from Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, Netherlands. Tomato plants of 12 cm high were used and a strip of black paper (1 by 20 cm) was pasted with glue and attached to the stalk with thin wire. The tomato plants were infested at the bottom leaves with 100 mites (T0) and kept in the laboratory for 6 days. Tracking was carried out at T0 + 3 and T0 + 6 days. During each observation day, the migratory behavior was monitored over 24 hours and mites ascending and descending the strip of black paper were recorded later with video-tracking system. The experiment was replicated three times.
7
Spatial Memory Evaluation in Rodents
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This test utilized a circular water-filled pool of 50 cm depth which has an escape platform submerged one centimeter below the water surface. Each animal had 3 training trials to find the platform per day starting from the 10th after the beginning of the LPS injection for five consecutive days. On the 6th day, the platform was removed. The time spent in the target quadrant for each animal was calculated by recording the swimming speed and the path length via a video tracking system obtained from Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands [64 (link)].
After performing the behavioral tests, isoflurane was used to anesthetize the animals. The skull was opened, and the brain was excised. Parts of the brain tissues were processed and subjected to histopathological and electron microscopic examination. Teflon homogenizer was utilized for homogenization of the hippocampal specimens which were then centrifuged by a cooling centrifuge at 1008× g for 20 min. Then, the biochemical parameters were assessed using the resulting supernatant.
After performing the behavioral tests, isoflurane was used to anesthetize the animals. The skull was opened, and the brain was excised. Parts of the brain tissues were processed and subjected to histopathological and electron microscopic examination. Teflon homogenizer was utilized for homogenization of the hippocampal specimens which were then centrifuged by a cooling centrifuge at 1008× g for 20 min. Then, the biochemical parameters were assessed using the resulting supernatant.
8
Elevated Plus Maze Assesses Anxiety in Rodents
9
Elevated Zero Maze for Anxiety Assessment
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The elevated zero maze was also used to assess measures of anxiety and exploratory behavior. The custom built elevated zero maze (Kinder Scientific, Poway, CA) consisted of two enclosed areas with two adjacent open areas. Mice were placed in the closed part of the maze and allowed free access for 10 minutes (luminescence: 200 lux). Mice could spend their time either in the closed or open area of the maze. A video tracking system (Noldus Information Technology, Sterling, VA, set at six samples/second) was used to calculate the time spent in the open areas and distance moved throughout the maze. Mice that are more anxious in the elevated zero maze spend less time in the open areas [48 (link)]. Outcome measures included the percent time in the open areas and distance moved.
10
Ketamine-Induced Locomotor Exploration
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Five minutes after ketamine administration, the OFT was applied to evaluate locomotor exploration in mice, as described previously (Ni et al., 2020a (link)). The open-field apparatus was a square arena (40 cm×40 cm×35 cm) consisting of a white Plexiglas box. Each mouse was placed in the corner and permitted to explore the apparatus for 5 min freely. After each test, the open-field apparatus was cleaned with a 75% alcohol solution to remove any trace of odor. During the 5 min test period, total distance moved, total cumulative duration of not moving (velocity<1.75 cm/s), time spent in the center zone, and number of center entries in the OFT were analyzed using the video tracking system (Noldus, Netherlands).
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