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4 protocols using mucin from the porcine stomach

1

Chitosan-based Formulation for Improved Oral Bioavailability

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Chitosan was obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry, while WPI and MCTs were provided by Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. EO was purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. CO was purchased from Innochem Co., Ltd. Apigenin, glycerol, and mucin from the porcine stomach, pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (250 units/mg solid), bile salts and lipase from porcine pancreas (100–650 units/mg protein) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma Chemical Co. St. USA). All the solvents and reagents were of analytical grade. The double-distilled water used in this study was obtained from a water purification system (Direct-Pure-EDI 15UV).
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2

Artificial Saliva Preparation for Viral Surrogates

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We used B. atrophaeus spores (ATCC 9372; Crosstex, USA) as a surrogate or validation for coronavirus. Sterile techniques were used throughout. Spore strip, suspension handling and recovery procedures were carried out in a BSL-2 laboratory (Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona). Human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63, and SARS-CoV-2 handling and recovery procedures were carried out in a BSL-3 laboratory (ZeptoMetrix Corporation Buffalo, NY; in collaboration with iFyber, LLC, Ithaca, NY). The artificial saliva was prepared using the ingredients listed in Table 1(Woo et al., 2010 (link)). Saliva is an extracellular fluid in the mouth consisting of 98⁠% water plus electrolytes, mucosal proteins, other proteins, and enzymes (Diaz-Arnold and Marek, 2002 (link)) which maintain osmotic balance (Dodds et al., 2005 (link)). Mucin from the porcine stomach (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was used for mimicking mucus stimulant. All other artificial saliva components were analytical grade from Sigma–Aldrich.

Artificial saliva composition.

Table 1
S.NoChemical speciesAmount for 97.9 mL DI water
1MgCl2 . 7H2O4 mg
2CaCl2 . H2O13 mg
3(NH2)2CO12 mg
4NaHCO342 mg
5NaCl80.8 mg
6KCl104 mg
7Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)0.1 mL
8Mucin300 mg
9NH4Cl11 mg
100.2 M KH2PO40.770 mL
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3

Analytical Characterization of Tea Compounds

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(-)-Epicatechin gallate (ECG, chromatographically pure) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, chromatographically pure) were purchased from Taiyo Greenpower Co., Ltd. (Wuxi, China). Mucin (from the porcine stomach), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin (EC), caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid and rutin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) were all analytically pure and were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). We used a Hach TL2300 Turbidimeter (Shanghai, China). Tea samples were obtained from the Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Hangzhou, China). The brewing water used was pure water obtained from Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China).
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4

Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation Protocol

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Gold(III) chloride trihydrate and Lam (CAS number 9008–22-4), mucin from the porcine stomach (CAS number 84082–64-4), diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA), salmon sperm DNA, and Congo red were received from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The casamino acid and egg yolk emulsion (Cat. No. MB-E1864) were purchased from MBcell (Kisan Bio Co., Ltd., South Korea). S. aureus (KCTC1916), P. aeruginosa PAO1 (KCTC1637), Listeria monocytogenes (KCTC3569), and Escherichia coli (KCTC1682) were bought from the Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC, Daejeon, South Korea). The Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms (KCCM; Seodaemun-gu, Seoul) provided the Streptococcus mutans (KCCM40105) and Candida albicans (KCCM11282), while the American Type Culture Collection supplied the K. pneumoniae (ATCC4352). All the bacterial cells were cultured in tryptic soy broth (TSB), whereas C. albicans was cultivated in potato dextrose broth (PDB). The growth temperature for these microbes was 37 °C.
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