After the tensile test, the specimens were examined under an optical microscope (SZ-PT Olympus, Japan) at a magnification of ×15 to define the location of failure surface. Failure modes, such as adhesive, cohesive, or mixed fractures, along the high translucency ceramic surface, were determined by percentage of bonded area. Then, the specimens were dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol and water up to 100% ethanol. All specimens were kept in at 37°C distilled water in an incubator (Nuve Incubator EN 120, Turkey) for 24 hours until all residual moisture was removed. Specimens were gold sputter-coated and observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Carl Zeiss Evo LS10/Germany) at 15 kV of accelerating voltage, and the working distance was kept at 8-12 mm from mantle surfaces of teeth. Scanning electron microscopy examinations were carried out at 80x, 500x, and 1,000x magnifications.
Sz pt
Manufactured by Olympus
Sourced in Japan
The SZ-PT is a stereo zoom microscope designed for a variety of laboratory applications. It features a zoom range of 0.8x to 5x and provides a wide field of view. The microscope is equipped with coaxial coarse and fine focus controls for precise adjustments.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
5 bromo 4 chloro 3 indolyl β d glucuronic acid, by Duchefa Biochemie (2 mentions)
Evo ls10, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Extracellular matrix, by BD (1 mentions)
Image pro plus 7, by Media Cybernetics (1 mentions)
Nunc cell culture, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Cx41rf, by Olympus (1 mentions)
D7 cs, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin hpβcd, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
21 protocols using sz pt
1
Microscopic Evaluation of Dental Adhesive Failure
2
Microtensile Bond Strength of Dental Adhesives
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After storing the specimens in water at 37°C for 24 h, each tooth was sectioned perpendicular to the bonded interface to obtain beam-shaped strips with a surface area of 1.0±0.2 mm 2 . A total of 120 samples were obtained (20 per each group). Each specimen was carefully examined under a stereomicroscope (SZ-PT Olympus, Tokyo, Japan, 10×) and in order to eliminate stress concentrators, specimens with irregular fracture paths that propagated away from the interface were discarded. The specimens were attached to a Universal Testing Machine (Advanced Force Gauge, Mecmesin, West Sussex, UK) with a cyanoacrylate adhesive (Zapit, DVA, Corona, CA, USA), and then subjected to tensile forces at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min; values were calculated in MPa.
After the μTBS, a stereomicroscope was used to classify the failure mode in one of the following categories 31) : (a) adhesive if the failure occurred entirely within the adhesive interfacial zone; (b) cohesive if the failure occurred exclusively within the composite or within the enamel; and (c) mixed if the failure continued from the adhesive into either composite or enamel.
After the μTBS, a stereomicroscope was used to classify the failure mode in one of the following categories 31) : (a) adhesive if the failure occurred entirely within the adhesive interfacial zone; (b) cohesive if the failure occurred exclusively within the composite or within the enamel; and (c) mixed if the failure continued from the adhesive into either composite or enamel.
3
Transwell Invasion Assay Protocol
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Transwell chambers with polycarbonate filters were coated with extracellular matrix (both from BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) for 1 h at 25°C. Culture medium was added to the lower compartment of the chamber. The upper chambers were loaded with 105 cells/well in serum-free medium and the lower chambers were filled with medium containing 10% FBS as a chemoattractant for the cells. The cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere (95% air and 5% CO2) for 10 h. Following incubation, the invading cells were fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde/PBS for 15 min at 25°C, and then stained with crystal violet for 30 min. Cells on the upper layer of the filter were removed, and images were captured using an Olympus SZ-PT (Olympus Corporation) microscope and counted. Data of the migrated cell numbers represent the average of three typical fields per sample.
4
Powdery Mildew Infection Evaluation
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Four plates of each treatment were randomly selected and used for the evaluation. The central parts of the leaves were counted individually by placing a metal stencil with a 1 cm2 opening on the leaf. The powdery mildew colonies in this area were counted under a stereomicroscope (SZ-PT, Olympus, Japan).
Some of the infected leaves were used for subcultures, to see if the protists have survived the inoculation process and incubation time. Small pieces of the agar and from the central parts of the inoculated leaves were cut out with a scalpel (B. Braun, Germany). The agar and the leaf pieces were placed separately in Petri dishes and filled with half-strength Waris-H and S. cerevisiae. They were observed under the microscope after two days at room temperature.
Some of the infected leaves were used for subcultures, to see if the protists have survived the inoculation process and incubation time. Small pieces of the agar and from the central parts of the inoculated leaves were cut out with a scalpel (B. Braun, Germany). The agar and the leaf pieces were placed separately in Petri dishes and filled with half-strength Waris-H and S. cerevisiae. They were observed under the microscope after two days at room temperature.
5
Adhesive Remnant Index Assessment
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After debonding, all the specimens were examined under stereomicroscope (SZ-PT, Olympus, Japan) at X10 magnification, in order to assess adhesive remnants on tooth surfaces using the ARI.18 The ARI scores were: 0 = no adhesive left on the tooth; 1 = less than half of the adhesive left on the tooth, 2 = more than half of the adhesive left on the tooth, and 3 = all the adhesive left on the tooth.
6
Porosity Visualization and Quantification
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Six samples in each subgroup were used to assess porosity. Each sample was polished, and carbon dust was evenly spread on the polished surface to aid in visualizing the porosity. Then, cavities on the sample surface were observed using an optical microscope (SZ-PT, Olympus Co., Japan), and an image of the sample was captured. The image was analyzed using Image-Pro Plus 7.0 software (Image-Pro; Media Cybernetics Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA). Porosity observation using an optical microscope was shown in Figure 1 .
7
Eye Pigmentation Quantification in Flies
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Adult flies (20-day-old female) were anesthetized with CO2, and the outer surface of eyes was observed with zoom stereo microscope (Olympus SZ-PT). For the quantification of the pigmented areas of tg flies, a comparable area of eyes for each genotype was selected. Quantification of the region without pigment loss in the selected area of eyes was analyzed using the ImageJ software.
8
Adhesive Remnant Index Evaluation
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All teeth were examined under stereomicroscope (SZ-PT, Olympus, Japan) after debonding, to assess the adhesive remnant index (ARI) on enamel surface, at a magnification of 10x. The scores of ARI ranged from 0 to 3, with 0 indicating no adhesive left on the enamel; 1, less than half of the adhesive left; 2, more than half of the adhesive left; and 3, all of the adhesive remained on the enamel surface.18
9
Histochemical GUS Staining Protocol
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Histochemical GUS staining was performed as described previously (Weigel and Glazebrook, 2002 ). Briefly, samples were incubated in staining solution containing 2 mM 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronic acid (Duchefa) in 50 mM Na2HPO4 buffer, pH 7.2, 2 mM potassium ferrocyanide, 2 mM potassium ferricyanide, 0.2% Triton X-100 at 37°C overnight after infiltrating under vacuum on ice for 20 min. The samples were dehydrated using 20, 35 and 50% ethanol and fixed with fixative (50% ethanol, 10% acetic acid and 5% formaldehyde). The samples were cleared with 70% ethanol and observed with dissecting (Olympus SZ-PT) and light (Olympus CX21) microscopes.
10
Microscopic Surface Roughness Analysis
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Specimens were retrieved from the water and blotted dry. A stereomicroscope (SZ-PT, Olympus, DP10, Japan) at the Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, was used to evaluate the surface roughness of each specimen under a magnification of 25× using Image J software for analysis.
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