Ethanol etoh

17-beta estradiol (E2, #E8875), progesterone (P4, #P0130), drospirenone (DRSP, #SML0147) and propylene glycol were purchased from Sigma (Sigma Aldrich, Merck KGaA, Overrijse, Belgium). Estetrol (E4) was provided by Mithra Pharmaceuticals (Liège, Belgium). Ethanol (EtOH) was purchased from VWR Chemicals (VWR International, Leuven, Belgium).

Isosorbide(I) (98%), vanillin(V) (99%), methacrylic
anhydride (MAA) (≥94%), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) (≥99%),
phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (BAPO) (97%), hydrochloric
acid (HCl) (37%), and zinc acetate (Zn(OAc)₂) (99.99%)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 2,2′-(Ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine)
(Dom) (≥97%) and dichloromethane (DCM) (≥99%) were obtained
from Fisher Scientific and sodium bicarbonate (≥99.7%) from
Merck. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (99%), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) (≥99%), acetone (≥99%), ethanol (EtOH) (100%),
and deuterated chloroform (CDCl₃) (99.8 atom % D) were
received from VWR. All chemicals and solvents were used without any
additional purification.

CA, CAAE,
CAPE, cinnamic aldehyde, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (NaH₂PO₄ H₂O), sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate
(Na₂HPO₄ 7H₂O), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
radical (DPPH), NaIO₄, KIO₄, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene
(DNCB), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Deuterated NMR solvents were
acquired from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. Ethanol (EtOH) (96%)
and formic acid (FA) (99–100%) were obtained from VWR International
(Pennsylvania, US). Acetonitrile (ACN) (≥99.9%), LC-grade water,
and the 2 mL deep-well plates were acquired from Thermo Fisher Scientific
(Seelze, Germany). N-Terminal acetylated peptide Ac-PHCKRM was obtained
from Peptide 2.0 (Chantilly, US), while Ac-RFAACAA was acquired from
RS Synthesis (Louisville, United States). Monobromobimane (MBrB) was
purchased from Cayman Chemical (Michigan, United States). 96-well
black plates were purchased from PerkinElmer (Massachusetts, United
States).

Precirol^® ATO5 (gliceryl palmitostearate) and Labrafac^® lipophile WL 1349 (caprylic/capric triglycerides) were kindly provided by Gattefosse (Nanterre, France). Curcumin (CUR, purity ≥75% HPLC), Tween^® 80 (polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate), poloxamer 407 (polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer), (±)-α-tocopherol (purity ≥ 75% HPLC), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈, purity ≥ 99%), triethanolamine (TEA, purity ≥ 99%), 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (Luperox^®), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) and Trolox (purity ≥ 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France). Acetonitrile (ACN) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, purity ≥ 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Dichloromethane (DCM, purity ≥ 99.8%), ethanol (EtOH, purity ≥ 99.8%) and isopropanol (purity ≥ 98%) were purchased from VWR Chemicals (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). Carbopol^® 980 NF (polyacrylic acid polymer crosslinked with allyl pentaerythritol) was kindly provided by Lubrizol (Rouen, France).
All aqueous solutions were made with ultrapure water obtained with the Milli-Q^® Direct Water Purification System (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).

10:90 PLGA (lot no. BB0306-163D,
mol wt 100,000) was obtained from Bezwada Biomedical, LLC (Hillsborough,
NJ). 1,1,1,3,3-Hexofluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) was purchased from Oakwood
Chemical (Estill, SC). SNAP was purchased from PharmaBlock Sciences
(Hatfield, PA). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and tetrahydrofuran
(THF) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Ethanol (EtOH)
was purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA). Nonwoven all-purpose sponges
and tegaderm were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Suwanee, GA).
Deionized water for all aqueous solutions was obtained via an in-house
distillation unit from Mettler Toledo (Columbus, OH). Nitrogen and
oxygen gas cylinders were purchased from Airgas (Kennesaw, GA). Phosphate
buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, had a final concentration of 138 mM
sodium chloride, 2.7 mM potassium chloride, 10 mM sodium phosphate,
and 100 μM EDTA.
For biological studies, mouse 3T3 fibroblast
(ATCC 1658) cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection
(Manassas, VA). Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) and
fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from VWR (Atlanta, GA). Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC BAA 041) were purchased
from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). Tryptic soy
and Mueller–Hinton broths and agars were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
(St. Louis, MO).

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade solvents such as acetonitrile, n-heptane, and ethanol (EtOH), as well as menthol, eucalyptol, thymol, choline chloride, and citric acid were purchased from VWR Chemicals (Spain). Standards of 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), disodium phosphate (Na₂HPO₄), monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄), fluorescein sodium salt, gallic acid, ascorbic acid, and quercetin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Spain). Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent was acquired from Merck (Germany). 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was purchased from TCI Chemicals (Japan). Ultrapure water was obtained from a Millipore system (Billerica, United States).