Rice straw was received from Dowens Rice Hulls Pty. Ltd., Victoria, Australia and was washed with tap water twice and then was washed with deionized water in order to eliminate the dirt and the surface impurities. Then, the double-washed rice straw was dried in an oven at 105 °C for 24 h. The rice straw was ground to particle sizes between 1–3 mm using a MF 10basic, IKA Labortechnik crusher in order to investigate the effect of particle size on the hydrochar yield. The general lignocellulosic composition of rice straw is 32% cellulose, 35.7% hemicellulose, 22.3% lignin and 10% extractives [25 (link)].
Mf 10 basic
Manufactured by IKA Group
Sourced in Germany
The MF 10 Basic is a laboratory homogenizer designed for the preparation of samples for further analysis. It is capable of homogenizing a variety of materials, including solids, liquids, and semi-solids, to create a uniform mixture.
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Lab products found in correlation
10 protocols using mf 10 basic
1
Rice Straw Pretreatment and Characterization
2
Chemically Modified Grape Seed Particles
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Grape seeds were obtained from the Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek (Osijek, Croatia). The material was ground using a laboratory knife mill with a 1 mm sieve (MF10 basic, IKA Labortechnik, Staufen, Germany) and then sieved using a vibrating sieve shaker (AS 200 Digit, Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany). The sieve analysis showed that the highest percentage of the total mass of sieved samples were particles ranging from 318 to 380 µm, so this particle range was chosen for the modification process.
The chemical modification method of GS was previously described by Stjepanović et al. [19 (link)], namely 2 g GS was reacted with 16 mL DMF and 13 mL ECH at 70 °C for 45 min. Then, 2.5 mL of ethylenediamine was added and stirred for another 45 min at 80 °C. Finally, 13 mL of triethylamine was added and the mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 120 min. The modified GS (MGS) was washed thoroughly with Milli-Q water and dried for 24 h at 100 °C.
The chemical modification method of GS was previously described by Stjepanović et al. [19 (link)], namely 2 g GS was reacted with 16 mL DMF and 13 mL ECH at 70 °C for 45 min. Then, 2.5 mL of ethylenediamine was added and stirred for another 45 min at 80 °C. Finally, 13 mL of triethylamine was added and the mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 120 min. The modified GS (MGS) was washed thoroughly with Milli-Q water and dried for 24 h at 100 °C.
3
Soil Pb Extraction and Plant Pb Accumulation
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The harvested soil was extracted from the pot with intense care, air-dried and sieved through a 2 mm sieve. An aliquot of harvested soil was used to measure its pH, as described earlier.
DTPA-extractable Pb was extracted by using the standard methodology of Lindsay and Norvell, [39 (link)], and the extracts were analyzed on AAS. Subsequently, plants (root and shoot) were rinsed to remove the adhered dust and dirt. The pea plant biomass was desiccated in an oven (Memmert, Beschickung-loading, model 100–800, Schwabach, Germany) at 70 °C for 24 h to get constant dry weight. The dried plant material was pulverized in a grinder (IKAWerke, MF 10 Basic, Staufen, Germany) followed by di-acid digestion (HNO3:HClO4 = 2:1) after sieving at 0.5mm as devised by Jones and Case [41 ]. Eventually, the Pb concentration in plant digest was analyzed on AAS.
DTPA-extractable Pb was extracted by using the standard methodology of Lindsay and Norvell, [39 (link)], and the extracts were analyzed on AAS. Subsequently, plants (root and shoot) were rinsed to remove the adhered dust and dirt. The pea plant biomass was desiccated in an oven (Memmert, Beschickung-loading, model 100–800, Schwabach, Germany) at 70 °C for 24 h to get constant dry weight. The dried plant material was pulverized in a grinder (IKAWerke, MF 10 Basic, Staufen, Germany) followed by di-acid digestion (HNO3:HClO4 = 2:1) after sieving at 0.5mm as devised by Jones and Case [41 ]. Eventually, the Pb concentration in plant digest was analyzed on AAS.
4
Cannabis Sativa Cultivation and Extraction
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The seeds of the Cannabis sativa L. variety ‘northern lights 5 crossed with haze’ were purchased from Pukka Seed Company (Guildford, UK). The chemovar popular in illicit plant use for recreational purposes belongs to the THC-type (>20%), but has no official specification or standardization. This cultivar was grown in the laboratory greenhouse as previously described [14 (link)] and female plant samples harvested after 4 months were split into flowering tops, lower leaves, and roots. Stalks >3 mm diameter were removed. Flowers and roots were cut shortly before extraction, while one part of the lower leaves were ground using a mill (MF-10 basic, IKA-Werke, Staufen, Germany) to obtain a powder with maximum 0.2 mm particle size. The four drugs were stored at room temperature in the dark and used after 5 or 24 months before extraction.
5
Evaluation of Wheat Grain Zinc Content
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Three random samples of wheat grains (5 g each) were collected from each threshed produce of each treatment. The seeds were washed using distilled water and then air-dried without exposure to direct sunlight followed by oven drying (65°C for 72 h), separately. These samples were finely ground in a grinder (IKA WERKE, MF 10 Basic, Staufen, Germany) and wet digested in a diacid mixture (HNO3:HClO4 ratio of 2:1) (Jomes and Case, 1990 ). The Zn concentration was measured in the digest by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, Analyst 100, Waltham, United States). Agronomic Zn use efficiency (ZUE) was calculated as described by Zulfiqar et al. (2020) :
where GYZn is the grain yield of Zn-treated plots, GYC is the yield of untreated plots, and Zna is the amount of Zn applied.
where GYZn is the grain yield of Zn-treated plots, GYC is the yield of untreated plots, and Zna is the amount of Zn applied.
6
Crop Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency
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Crop was harvested at harvest maturity on 18 th and 22 nd of April during 2011 and 2012. Data of yield traits i.e. population of productive tillers (m -2 ), number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight (g) were recorded as described by Hussain et al. (2016) . Plant height from base to tip of spike of twenty random selected tillers from each plot was recorded and averaged to record plant height. Whole plots were harvested and manually threshed after drying as to record grain and straw yield ha -1 following Hussain et al. (2016) . Sub-samples of straw and grains were collected from each plot. Straw samples were washed with distilled water followed by drying with tissue papers before oven drying to a constant weight at 65°C. Then, these samples were ground to pass a 1 mm sieve in a grind mill (IKA Werke, MF 10 Basic, Staufen, Germany). Grounded subsamples of known weights were wet-digested in a di-acid mixture (HNO3: HClO4, ratio 2:1; Jones and Case, 1990) . The N contents of each sample of seeds and straw were determined by using micro Kjeldahal method (Jackson, 1962) . Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was calculated by using the formula described by Fageria et al. (1997) .
7
Hawthorn Material Preparation and Characterization
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Dry hawthorn plants were ground using three different grinders. ‘Coarse’ and ‘fine’ hawthorn materials were obtained by grinding 2 g of raw material using Delonghi (Model KG79, Trevise, Italy) grinder at the positions ‘coarse’ and ‘fine’, respectively. ‘Ultrafine 10 s or 30s’ hawthorn materials were obtained by grinding 2 g of raw material using the Bosch grinder (Model MKM6003, Munich, Germany) at different manual shaking times (10 s and 30 s) as indicated in the text. The ‘1 mm’ and ‘2 mm’ hawthorn materials were obtained by grinding the required amount of raw material on a laboratory Ika grinder (Ika-Werke GmbH, Model MF10 basic, Staufen, Germany). The density of each hawthorn material was simply determined by measuring the volume occupied by 2 g hawthorn material in a 10 mL (or 25 mL) graduated test tube (n = 3 determinations). Distribution in size of each hawthorn material was determined by a dry laser Malvern granulometer (Malvern Panalytical, Royston, United Kingdom).
8
Herb Solvent Extraction Methodology
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Air-dried and hot-air-dried herbs were used to prepare methanol and water–methanol (70:30, v/v) extracts. For each extract, 2 g of biomass was weighed out and pulverized in an electric grinder (MF 10 basic, IKA-werke, Staufen, Germany). The material was subjected to extraction with 60 mL methanol (STANLAB, Lublin, Poland) for methanol extracts and 42 mL redistilled water with 18 mL methanol (STANLAB, Lublin, Poland) for water–methanol extracts (70:30, v/v). Extraction was carried out twice under sonication for 20 min in an ultrasonic bath (Polsonic 3, Warsaw, Poland). Then, the extracts were filtered into crystallizers using Whatman paper.
9
Quantitative Plant Nutrient Analysis
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Plant material was grinded to a fine powder on a microfine grinder (MF 10 basic, IKA-werke, Staufen, Germany) or in test tube with a 1/8” ball bearing (Weldtite, Lincolnshire, UK) on a Tissuelyser II (QIAGEN, Germantown, USA). For nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) content, 0.2–2 mg dry mass was analyzed on a NC analyser (FLASH 2000 NC elemental analyser, Brechbueler Incorporated, Interscience B.V., Breda, The Netherlands). For phosphorus (P) content, 1–4 mg dry mass was combusted in a Pyrex glass tube at 550°C for 30 min. Subsequently, 5 mL of persulfate (2.5%) was added and samples were autoclaved for 30 min at 121°C. Digested P (as ) was measured on a QuAAtro39 Auto-Analyzer ( SEAL Analytical Ltd., Southampton, U.K.). Concentrations of dissolved nutrients ( , , and ) of thawed water-samples were determined on a QuAAtro39 Auto-Analyzer (SEAL Analytical Ltd., Southampton, U.K.). Results for the dissolved nutrients in the water column can be found in Figure S1.2 .
10
Wheat Grain Zinc and Phytic Acid Analysis
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Samples of wheat grain were dried in a drying oven at 60°C for 48 h (Liu et al., 2006 (link)). Dried samples were ground in a mill (IKA Werke, MF 10 Basic, Staufen, Germany) fitted with a stainless steel chamber and blades. Subsequently, finely ground 1.0 g samples of wheat flour were placed in a conical flask and kept overnight after adding a di-acid (HNO3:HClO4 ratio of 2:1) digestion mixture (Jones and Case, 1990 ). After 24 h, samples were digested on a hot plate at 150°C until all the material was digested. After digestion, the material was cooled and diluted to 50 ml by adding de-ionized water. Digesta was then filtered with Whatman filter paper No. 42 and stored in air tight plastic bottles. Zinc concentration in the digested samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, 100 AAnalyst, Waltham, MA, USA). Phytic acid in the extract was measured by an indirect method that uses absorption of the pink color developed by un-reacted Fe (III) with 2,2′-bi-pyridine (Haug and Lantzsch, 1983 (link)) at 519 nm with a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-1201, Kyoto, Japan). All samples for zinc and phytic acid determinations were prepared and analyzed in duplicate.
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