Streptomycin

The human pro-monocytic myeloid leukemia cell line U937 (ATCC^® CRL-1593.2, USA) was maintained in RPMI containing 10% FCS, penicillin (100 U/mL), and streptomycin (100 μg/mL) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). For each experiment, U937 cells were differentiated into macrophages by incubation with 10 ng/mL PMA (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for 48 h; then, the supernatant was removed, and fresh medium was added. Macrophage differentiation was assessed by RT-qPCR of CD14 (Supplementary Figure 1). After 48 h in fresh medium, U937 cells were treated for each experiment. T. cruzi incubation was always at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1. This ratio was selected because it assures a 1:1 cell contact without jeopardizing cell viability (Supplementary Figure 2). Vero cells (ATCC^® CCL-81, USA) were cultured in RPMI containing 5% FCS, penicillin (100 U/mL), and streptomycin (100 μg/mL). Vero cells were infected with T. cruzi trypomastigotes (Dm28 strain) at an MOI of 5 for parasite amplification. The HEK293T (ATCC^® CRL-3216, USA) cell line was cultured in DMEM containing 10% FCS, penicillin (100 U/mL) and streptomycin (100 μg/mL). HEK293T cells were cultured for lentivirus production. All cells were grown at 37°C in 5% CO₂ in a humidified atmosphere.

HCT‐8 epithelial cells (ECACC 90032006) were cultured at 37°C with 5% CO₂ in RPMI‐1640 (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Logan, UT), 100 IU ml⁻¹ penicillin and 100 μg ml⁻¹ streptomycin (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland). BHK‐21 fibroblast cells (clone 13; ECACC 85011433) were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 IU ml⁻¹ penicillin and 100 μg ml⁻¹ streptomycin at 37°C with 5% CO₂.
Human coronavirus HCoV‐OC43 (ATCC VR‐1558) was cultured in HCT‐8 epithelial cells in RPMI‐1640 with 5% FBS, 100 IU ml⁻¹ penicillin and 100 μg ml⁻¹ streptomycin for 7 days at 33°C. HCoV‐OC43 was harvested by aspirating the RPMI‐1640 culture media and centrifuging (3000g, 4 min) to remove cell debris. The virus stocks were stored at −80°C before use. All experiments were performed within a Biosafety Level 2 laboratory.

Human astroglial SVG-A derived cells (a kind gift from Walter J. Atwood, Brown University, Providence, RI) were grown at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) (10-010-CV; Corning) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, S11150; Atlanta Biologicals), penicillin, and streptomycin (1406-05-9; VWR International). African Green Monkey kidney epithelial MA104 cells (a kind gift from Siyuan Ding, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO) were grown at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ in Medium 199 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS. Vero C1008 (Vero 76, clone E6, Vero E6) [American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) CRL-1586] cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS, and penicillin and streptomycin. Vero CCL-81 (ATCC CCL-81) cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 mM Hepes pH 7.4, 1% Glutamax, and penicillin/streptomycin.

MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were cultured in 37°C incubator with 5% CO₂ and maintained in DMEM (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA) containing 5% fetal bovine serum (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA), 100 IU/ml of penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). SKBR3 and BT474 cells were cultured in 37°C incubator with 5% CO2 and maintained in RPMI (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA) containing 5% fetal bovine serum (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA), 100 IU/ml of penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA).