Gas pressure and composition were measured twice a day, before and after H2 feeding. Liquid samples were taken every day and centrifuged (12,100g, 15 min). The supernatant was used to analyse the Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) concentration while the pellet was kept at − 20 °C for further molecular biology analysis. Gas pressure was manually measured with a manometer Keller LEO 2 (KELLER AG, Winterthur, Switzerland), and gas composition was analysed by gas chromatography using GC Perkin Elmer model Clarus 580, with thermal conductivity detector as described elsewhere by Moscoviz et al. [61 (link)]. VFA were analysed by gas chromatography (Perkin Elmer, Clarus 580) coupled with a flame ionization detector as described in Cazier et al. [18 (link)]. Glucose concentration of the sample was analysed by YSI 2900D biochemistry analyser, with the corresponding membrane and buffer, according to manufacturer instructions (YSI Inc. Yellow Springs, USA).
Clarus 580
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States, Germany
The Clarus 580 is a gas chromatograph (GC) system designed for comprehensive analytical capabilities. It features advanced technology for precise separation and detection of complex chemical mixtures. The Clarus 580 GC system is a versatile instrument suitable for a wide range of applications in various industries.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Elite 5ms column, by PerkinElmer (8 mentions)
Autosystem xl, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Divinylbenzene carboxen polydimethylsiloxane solid phase microextraction fiber, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Solid phase microextraction fiber, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Divinylbenzene carboxen polydimethylsiloxane spme fiber, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nukol fused silica capillary column, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Spme fiber, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Clarus sq 8 s ms, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Cp wax 52 cb, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Turbomatrix hs 40, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Ft ir 6800, by Jasco (1 mentions)
2 13c acetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Clarus 600, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Turbomatrix 40, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Supelco 37 fame mix, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Zb wax, by Phenomenex (1 mentions)
Quartz cell, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
1260 infinity 1, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Lcms it tof spectrometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Nicolet is50 ftir spectrometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
66 protocols using clarus 580
1
Biogas Production Monitoring Protocol
2
Gas and Metabolite Analysis in Ruminants
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Gas samples were analyzed for concentration of CH4 and H2 in a Clarus 580 Perkin Elmer GC equipped with a 60/80 Carboxen 1,000 (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, United States), as previously described (Ungerfeld et al., 2020 (link)). Concentration of CH4 and H2 was obtained through calibration against known standards. Concentration of CH4 and H2 was then adjusted for residual air remaining in the exetainers when delivering gas samples; residual air in the exetainers was determined through oxygen concentration measured in the GC divided by 0.2095 [i.e., the molar proportion of oxygen in the atmosphere (Allen, 1973 )]. Volatile fatty acids samples were thawed, vortexed, centrifuged at 16,100 × g and 4°C for 10 min, and filtered through 0.45 μm pore filters into 2 mL GC vials, and analyzed for VFA concentration by GC (PerkinElmer Clarus 580) as done previously (Ungerfeld et al., 2020 (link)). Samples used for VFA analysis were subsequently analyzed for concentration of formate, lactate, and succinate by injecting 20 μL into an LC-20A Shimadzu HPLC (Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a Kromasil RP-18e (5 μm, 300 × 4.6 mm) column (Bohus, Sweden) and a Shimadzu SPD-M20A Photodiode Array Detector (Kyoto, Japan). The mobile phase was 0.1% (V/V) o-phosphoric acid at a ramp from 0.2 to 1 mL/min for a 20 min run. Concentration of NH4+ was analyzed by colorimetry according to Kaplan (1969) (link).
3
Biogas Production Analytical Methods
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Total solids, volatile solids, pH, volatile organic acids (VOA), and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) were measured following standard methods as explained in detail previously [20 (link),21 ]. Samples for these analyses were periodically collected, and the analyses were repeated three times. The amount of CH4 generated by the AMPTS II Light instruments was adjusted to standard conditions. The methane content in biogas was periodically measured using a Clarus 580 gas chromatograph (Perkin Elmer, Singapore).
4
Volatile Compounds Profiling of Pecorino Cheese
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Volatile compounds (VOC) were extracted from Pecorino cheese samples through solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and the analysis was performed with a gas chromatograph (Clarus 580; Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) coupled with a mass spectrometer (SQ8S; Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The gas chromatograph was equipped with an Elite-5MS column (length × internal diameter: 30 × 0.25 mm; film thickness: 0.25 μm; Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The samples preparation and the settings relating to the thermal program used for the analysis were performed as previously reported by Ianni et al. [21 (link)]. Five grams of cheese previously grated were mixed with 10 mL of saturated NaCl solution (360 g/L). After the addition of 10 μL of internal standard solution (4-methyl-2-heptanone; 10 mg/kg in ethanol), the vials were sealed and stirred at 50 °C; VOCs were extracted from the headspace with a divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane SPME fiber (length: 1 cm; film thickness: 50/30 μm; Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) with an exposition time of 60 min. VOCs were identified by comparison with mass spectra of a library database (NIST Mass Spectral library, Search Program version 2.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) and by comparing the eluting order with Kovats indices.
5
Quantification of Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids
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For the determination of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), including acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, isovalate, and n-valerate, 1 g of cecal content was mixed with 4 mL of 25% metaphosphoric acid. The samples were centrifuged at 10000×g for 20 min, and the supernatants were filtered using 0.45-µm filters (Minisart® NML Syringe Filters 16555-K Sartorius). The analysis of SCFA was performed by gas chromatography Clarus® 580 (PerkinElmer, MA, USA) using the Nukol™ fused silica capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 µm; Supelco, MO, USA). The SCFA standard mixes (Supelco) were used as standard solutions.
6
Fatty Acid Profiling of Soybean Seeds
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The FA profile of soybean seeds was determined by gas chromatography with FID flame ionization detection (Clarus 580, Perkin-Elmer, Shelton, WA, USA) using a ZB-WAX column (30 m × 0.25 mm id, 0.25 μm film thickness). Qualitative interpretation of the chromatograms was performed by comparing the retention times of fatty acid methyl esters in the test sample with those of Supelco 37 fatty acid methyl ester matrices. The detailed methodology for determining the FA profile and its content in soybean seeds is given in the work by Szpunar-Krok et al. [53 (link)].
The indices presented inTable 2 were used to assess the nutritional value of FAs contained in soybean seeds and to investigate the possibility of their use in the prevention and treatment of diseases.
The indices presented in
7
Headspace Gas Analysis of Pitcher Plant
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N. khasiana/Nepenthes hybrid unopened pitchers were opened underwater and the gases inside pitchers were collected by the displacement of water. This is to avoid possible mixing with air and dilution of the contents of the pitchers, when opened in air. The gases from the pitchers were transferred to syringes and analyzed through gas chromatography. A Clarus 580 gas chromatograph (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, USA) equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and an Electron Capture Detector (ECD) was used. FID had a Methanator for converting CO and CO2 to methane. ECD measured nitrous oxide in the sample. A gas sampling valve with 100 µl sampling loop was used for injecting the sample to the column. Isothermal separation was achieved at 35 °C in an Elite-PLOT Q column (30 m × 0.53 mm) with nitrogen carrier gas. Another NUCON 5765 gas chromatograph (Aimil, New Delhi, India) with a Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) and packed column (PORAPAK Q, 80/100 mesh, 5 m long) with nitrogen as carrier gas was used for the measurement of oxygen in the samples. FID, Methanator and ECD were calibrated with the standard gas mixture containing CH4, CO2, CO and N2O in nitrogen gas.
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N. khasiana/Nepenthes hybrid unopened pitchers were opened underwater and the gases inside pitchers were collected by the displacement of water. This is to avoid possible mixing with air and dilution of the contents of the pitchers, when opened in air. The gases from the pitchers were transferred to syringes and analyzed through gas chromatography. A Clarus 580 gas chromatograph (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, USA) equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and an Electron Capture Detector (ECD) was used. FID had a Methanator for converting CO and CO2 to methane. ECD measured nitrous oxide in the sample. A gas sampling valve with 100 µl sampling loop was used for injecting the sample to the column. Isothermal separation was achieved at 35 °C in an Elite-PLOT Q column (30 m × 0.53 mm) with nitrogen carrier gas. Another NUCON 5765 gas chromatograph (Aimil, New Delhi, India) with a Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) and packed column (PORAPAK Q, 80/100 mesh, 5 m long) with nitrogen as carrier gas was used for the measurement of oxygen in the samples. FID, Methanator and ECD were calibrated with the standard gas mixture containing CH4, CO2, CO and N2O in nitrogen gas.
8
Biscuit Shelf-Life Evaluation
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All biscuit samples were stored at room temperature (around 22-23 ºC) in locked sterile bags for a period of 45 days. Moisture content of the samples was measured as described above, peroxide value (PV) was determined by iodometric method ISO 3960:2017 (32 ). In addition, total acidity was determined by measuring the total amount of treatable acids. Their pH values were measured on the 1st, 20th and 45th day. Fatty acid composition of the freshly baked biscuit samples and the samples that were stored for 6 months was evaluated with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC–FID) model CLARUS 580 (Perkin Elmer, Shelton, CT, USA) and a BPx70 column (30 m, 0.25 mm, 0.25 mm film thickness) (Trajan Scientific and Medical, Ringwood, VA, Australia). The fatty acid content of the biscuits was expressed as the percentage of total oil content.
9
Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction in Water
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The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 in water was carried out in a homemade stainless-steel batch reactor (∼250 mL) with a quartz window on the top of the reactor (Fig. S1, ESI† ). The light source was a 400 W Xe lamp (Newport). First, 0.1 g of solid catalyst was placed on a quartz glass holder on the middle of the reactor, which was held by a Teflon stick. Liquid water with a volume of 15 mL was added in the bottom of the reactor. Then, the reactor was filled with CO2. The CO2 pressure was increased up to 0.2 MPa. The catalyst was exposed to CO2 and H2O vapor. The temperature of the reactor was kept at 323 K, and the vapor pressure of H2O was 12.3 kPa. The photocatalytic reaction time was typically 6 h and varied from 1 to 40 h. The reaction products (CO, CH4, O2 and H2) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC, PerkinElmer Clarus® 580). The reaction system was connected to an online GC injection valve, and the gaseous products were injected with the loop into the GC for analysis. The GC was equipped with PoraBOND Q and ShinCarbon ST 100/120 columns, a flame ionization detector (FID) and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). Helium or argon was used as the carrier gas.
10
Foliar Chemistry Analysis of Tree Species
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Foliar chemistry was analysed from foliar tissue sampled from TP trees at 15 years of age and SL trees between 1 and 15 years of age at Glynn Road Analytical Chemistry Lab, as described in Gamal El‐Dien et al. (2022 (link)). Briefly, sample extraction and analysis followed the method of Kimball et al. (2005 (link)) with modifications. Frozen samples were ground using liquid nitrogen and a mortar and pestle. Approximately 250 mg of wet weight sample was extracted into 4 ml of methanol containing pentadecane as an internal standard. An additional subsample was measured for moisture factor to provide a 70°C oven dry weight measurement. Samples were extracted for 48 h and analysed on a Clarus 580 Gas Chromatography (GC) unit (PerkinElmer) with a 30 m ZB‐5MSi GC column using flame ionization detection (FID). Peaks were identified by comparing retention times to reference standards, and mass spectrometry (MS) was used for further confirmation when necessary.
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