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9 protocols using maneb

1

Pesticide Exposure Effects on BM-MSCs

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Three doses of pesticides were used. The first was the high nutritional daily intake (hNDI), calculated for the French population of all ages and corresponding to the lowest doses of pesticides used in our study. The second was the ADI, which is the threshold of safety in humans for lifetime exposure. The last was a value of three times the ADI (3ADI).
BM-MSCs were amplified as previously described [20 (link)]. Briefly, they were cultured in 150 cm2 flasks (Corning® cell culture flask, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 3 weeks (37 °C, 5% CO2) in α-MEM supplemented with FGF2 (1 ng/mL, R&D system, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were tested at passages 2 to 4 (2000–4000 cells/cm2). This medium, supplemented with pesticides (hNDI, ADI and 3ADI), was renewed every 3 days. The doses of pesticides used (chlorpyrifos ethyl, dimethoate, diazinon, iprodione, imazalil, maneb and mancozeb; Sigma-Aldrich) were extrapolated, for each pesticide, from 3 values according to previous studies (Table S2) [9 (link),10 (link)].
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2

Paraquat-Induced Neuroinflammation Model

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Paraquat, maneb and taurine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). RNAiso Plus and SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM II were obtained from Takara Bio Inc. (Takara, Tokyo, Japan). The membrane protein extraction kit was obtained from Beyotime (Jiangsu, China). The following primary antibodies were used: TH (EMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA), α-synuclein (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), Iba-1 (Wako Chemicals, Richmond, VA, USA), CD11b (AbD Serotec, Raleigh, NC, USA), phosphorylated p65, p65, phosphorylated IκBα, IκBα, phosphorylated IKKα (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), 4-HNE (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), p47phox (EMD Millipore, Temecula, CA, USA), gp91phox (BD Transduction Laboratories, San Jose, CA, USA) and GAPDH (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA). The BCA Protein Assay Kit was purchased from Life Technologies (Waltham, MA USA). All other chemicals were of the highest grade commercially available.
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3

Paraquat and Maneb Neurotoxicity in Mice

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Combined paraquat (10 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and maneb (30 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were administrated (i.p) to WT and CR3-/- mice (Jackson laboratory) according to our previous report [12] (link). Mice in control group received an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline. Six weeks later, mice were euthanized and brains were dissected. Experiments were performed in accordance with the Animal Guideline of Dalian Medical University. Housing and breeding of animals were performed strictly with Dalian Medical University's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. All experimental protocols were approved by and in agreement with the Ethical Committee of Dalian Medical University.
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4

Pesticide Exposure Assay in Synchronized C. elegans

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The pesticides Maneb, Diazinon and Fenarimol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 0.1 M) prior to exposure. Gravid nematodes were lysed in an alkaline hypochlorite solution in order to generate age-matched embryos synchronized populations 29 (link). The embryos were cultured on 10-cm NGM plates without bacteria for 1 day at 20°C to generate a large pool of synchronized L1-stage worms. The L1-stage worm population was transferred to 10-cm NGM plates seeded with OP50 bacteria and cultured for 65 hr at 15°C to generate a large pool of L4-stage worms. After quantification under the microscope of the number of worms in population samples, 500 worms were transferred to 2-mL tubes with M9 buffer with bacteria, to which the pesticides were subsequently added at a final concentration of 100 μM. Each experiment contained a negative control of 0.1% DMSO. The worms were incubated with shaking on a nutator for 24 hr at 20°C. After the incubation the synchronized population of gravid adult worms settled by gravity and washed with M9 buffer before using it for further analysis.
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5

Exposing C. elegans to Neurotoxins

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Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), paraquat, rotenone, maneb, manganese chloride (MnCl2), cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and 6-OHDA HCl were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO). paraquat, MnCl2, and CdCl2 were dissolved into K+ medium for L1 larvae or K medium for young adults. 6-OHDA was dissolved into a solution of ascorbic acid in K+ medium. AFB1, rotenone, and maneb were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare stock solutions (100x the final treatment concentration). C. elegans were treated with the solutions in 12-well plates. Stock solutions were added to treatment wells at a maximum amount of 1 % (v/v) in K+ or K medium. Each well contained 1 ml of the treatment solution, 1000 L1 larvae, or 300 adults, and OP50 in the case of the adults. 1% DMSO did not affect nematode growth or survival (data not shown).
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6

Pesticide Exposure on C. elegans

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The pesticides Maneb, Diazinon and Fenarimol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 0.1 M) prior to exposure. Gravid nematodes were lysed in an alkaline hypochlorite solution in order to generate age-matched embryos synchronized populations.29 (link) The embryos were cultured on 10-cm NGM plates without bacteria for 1 day at 20 °C to generate a large pool of synchronized L1-stage worms. The L1-stage worm population was transferred to 10-cm NGM plates seeded with OP50 bacteria and cultured for 65 h at 15 °C to generate a large pool of L4-stage worms. After quantification under the microscope of the number of worms in population samples, 500 worms were transferred to 2 mL tubes with M9 buffer with bacteria, to which the pesticides were subsequently added at a final concentration of 100 μM. Each experiment contained a negative control of 0.1% DMSO. The worms were incubated with shaking on a nutator for 24 h at 20 °C. After the incubation the synchronized population of gravid adult worms settled by gravity and washed with M9 buffer before using it for further analysis.
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7

Unfolded Protein Response Pathway Assay

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Maneb (Product number 45554) and tunicamycin (Product number T7765) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 4μ8c (Product number 412512) was purchased from EMD Millipore. All other reagents were purchased from Fisher-Scientific. The following primary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology: XBP1s (D2C1F) (12782), ubiquitin (3933), phospho-eIF2α (Ser51) (9721), eIF2α (9722), IRE1α (3294), HSP40 (4871), HSP70 (4872), HSP90 (4877). The following primary antibodies were purchased from Abcam: ATF6 (ab122897), and XBP1 (ab37152). The primary antibody against phospho-IRE1α (Ser724) was purchased from Novus Biologicals. The primary antibody against HSP27 was purchased by Enzo Life Sciences (G3.1). The primary antibody against β-actin (A5441) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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8

Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration

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Paraquat, glybenclamide, maneb, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) were provided by Sigma-Aldrich, Inc (St. Louis, MO, USA). The AG RNAex Pro Reagent, Pro Taq HS qPCR Kit and SYBR Green Premix were provided by Accurate Biotechnology (Hunan, China). The RGD peptide was provided by Selleck (Shanghai, China). The antibodies against Neu-N, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were provided by EMD Millipore (Temecula, CA, USA). The antibodies against NLRP3, Mac1, total and phosphorylated (Ser129) α-synuclein were provided by Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Cell Signaling Technology (MA, USA) provides antibodies against caspase-1, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), p–p38, p38, p-JNK, JNK, p-ERK, ERK, p-P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and PAK1. GenePharma (Shanghai, China) provides NOX1 and NOX2-specific siRNAs. Biological Industries (Cromwell, CT, USA) provides the ECL reagents.
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9

Acute Maneb Toxicity in Tadpoles

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The tadpoles were divided in six groups of about 20 per species (in triplicate), of which one was control (unexposed) and the remaining five were exposed to 98 % maneb (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) in one of the following concentrations: 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 1, and 5 mg L -1 . Exposure started at their developmental stage 21, when the external gills are fully developed, and lasted 120 h.
The stock solution was prepared afresh at the start of exposure and applied to the groups by thinning it out with soft water to the concentrations mentioned above. Our maneb concentrations for the acute toxicity study are based on the reported maximum solubility in water at 25 °C, which is 6 mg L -1 (15) . Dead tadpoles were recorded and removed together with faeces every 24 hours.
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