Dinamap procare 100

BP and HR were measured using an automated oscillometric BP monitor (DINAMAP ProCare 100, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI), every 3 min during the “rest” period, and between t = 0–120 min. Baseline BP was calculated as an average of the three measurements obtained immediately prior to consumption of the drink (i.e., t = −9, t = −6, and t = −3 min). PPH was defined as a sustained fall in systolic BP of ≥20 mmHg (Jansen and Lipsitz 1995; Trahair et al. 2014).

Blood pressure was measured in a supine position on the right arm by means of an electronic oscillometer (Dinamap ProCare 100, GE Healthcare) with cuff size appropriate for the arm circumference. The average of three measurements was considered. Heart-related cardiovascular risk markers (EF, IVST and LVPWT) were measured using a high-resolution ultrasonography (MyLabTM25, Esaote, Firenze, Italy). To assess EF, IVST and LVPWT children were placed in the left lateral decubitus position according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography (18 ). Linear 7.5–12 MHz transducer was used for EF and a convex 3.5–5 MHz transducer was used for IVST and LVPWT. The measurements were taken from the parasternal long-axis views. Three consecutive measurements were performed and the calculated mean was considered for analysis. All measurements were taken on a separate visit and were performed by the same observer (a sonographer specialized in pediatric ecography) who was unaware of the clinical characteristics of the participants. Intra-observer coefficient of variation for ultrasound measurements was less than 6%.

A hemodynamic examination was performed at baseline and at the end of follow‐up. Brachial BP measurements were performed using an oscillometric device (Dinamap ProCare 100 [GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI] in the centers of Catania and Palermo, Italy, and an arteriograph device [TensioMed Ltd, Budapest, Hungary] in the third center). The carotid‐femoral (aortic) pulse wave velocity was measured by a SphygmoCor device (SphygmoCor system^®; AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia) in two centers (Catania and Palermo, Italy) using the foot‐to‐foot velocity method, the intersecting tangent algorithm, and the direct distance between the measurement sites16: aPWV (m/s)=0.8 (direct distance [m]/Δt). In the third center (Ankara, Turkey), the pulse‐wave velocity was measured with an arteriograph device (TensioMed Ltd, Software v. 1.9.9.2, Budapest, Hungary) and subsequently converted in SphygmoCor aPWV calculated using the direct distance scaled for 0.8 according to the relationship previously found by Ring et al17: ${\text{PWV}}_{\mathrm{Arteriograph}}(\text{m/s})=3.2846+0.6152\times {\text{aPWV}}_{\mathrm{SphygmoCor}}(\text{m/s})$
The annual progression in aPWV during follow‐up was calculated as: ΔaPWV (m/s per year)=(aPWV at the end of follow up−aPWV at baseline)/follow‐up duration (year).

Intermittent systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured using an automated sphygmomanometer (Dinamap Procare 100, GE Medical Systems Ltd., Buckinghamshire, UK). Intra-exercise heart rate was continuously monitored using short-range telemetry (Polar FT1 and T31, Polar, Kempele, Finland). Local forearm and calf skin temperatures were recorded using thermocouples (Grant Instruments, Sheppreth, Cambridge, UK). Whole-body thermal discomfort (0–9 scale) [18 (link)] and ratings of perceived exertion (6–20 scale) [19 (link)] were assessed during the last 5 min of exercise.

Resting blood pressure was measured in seated position using a GE Dinamap ProCare 100 after a 5‐min rest; the average of two measures was used. The 6‐min walk test was used to measure aerobic stamina and was administered using a standardized protocol.¹⁵ This submaximal test has been used as a measure of aerobic endurance and functional mobility in adults with and without disease and has shown to be a reliable measure with an intraclass correlation coefficient of >.90.¹⁶ Subjects walked as far as possible in 6 min around a series of traffic cones placed on a level corridor with a course measuring 30.0 m in length, taking rest periods as needed. The total distance walked was recorded. Pulse was measured immediately before and after walking. Flexibility was measured using the classic sit and reach test.¹⁷ Three measurements were taken at each assessment, and the best score was used for analysis.

After at least 5 min of rest, systolic and diastolic BPs were measured from the non-dominant arm at the MJ assessment center using an automated BP device (Omron HEM-7201 or GE Dinamap ProCare 100) or manually using a sphygmomanometer with an inflatable cuff in combination with a stethoscope if the BP device failed to measure the BP. All measurements were performed while the participant was seated and were carried out by nurses who had received BP measurement training. PP was calculated by subtracting the diastolic from the systolic BP value.

Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP) and HR were measured with an automated oscillometric BP monitor (DINAMAP ProCare 100, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA) at 3-min intervals prior to ingesting the test drink, and, subsequently, every 3 min between t = 0–120 min [6 (link), 8 (link), 13 , 17 (link), 23 (link)–29 (link)]. An average of BP and HR measurements obtained at t = − 24, − 21, − 18 min prior to the ingestion of the preload (t = − 15 min), or, on the study day without a preload, at t = − 9, − 6, − 3 min prior to ingestion of the test drink, were calculated to represent baseline BP and HR. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated using the formula MAP = DBP+[(SBP-DBP)/3]. PPH was defined as a fall in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg that was sustained for 30 min or more [6 (link)].