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5 protocols using integral water purification system

1

Formulation and Characterization of Curcumin-Piperine Loaded Nanoemulsions

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Curcumin (CUR, purity = 99.5%) was supplied by Enzo Life Sciences (Lausen, Switzerland). Piperine (PP, purity = 99.8%) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (MO, USA). Imwitor 988 (I988, medium-chain mono and diglycerides) and non-ionic surfactant Tween 85 (T85) were obtained from Sasol, GmbH (Werk Witten, Witten, Germany). Cremophor RH40 (Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, CrRH40) was supplied by BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Transcutol P (TcP) was generously supplied by Gattefossé (Saint priest, France). BSO was obtained from the seeds of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) Linn. (black seeds), family Ranunculaceae and Zanthoxylum rhetsa seed oil (ZRO) obtained from dried fruits of Roxb DC plant that belongs to the family Rutaceae by the cold press/steam distillation method. Both BSO and ZRO were collected from Kaligonj, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Highly purified Milli-Q water was used from a Milli-Q Integral Water Purification System (Millipore, Bedford, MA). All other chemicals and reagents used in the studies were analytically pure.
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2

Biomimetic Membrane Fabrication and Characterization

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1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC, purity > 99%) and n-octyl-b-d-glucopyranoside (OG, purity > 99%) were purchased from Aladdin (China). AQP1 (Recombinant Human Aquaporin-1, partial CSB-EP001957HU) was purchased from Wuhan Huamei Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (China). Polysulfone (PSf, Mn: 26 000 Da), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP, anhydrous, 99.5%), PEG400 (powder, 99%), and LiCl (powder, 99%) were used to prepare the porous polysulfone substrate. 1,3-Phenylenediamine (MPD, 99%) and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride (TMC, 98%) were used to form the thin selective layer. Sodium chloride (NaCl, crystals, ACS reagent, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.) was dissolved in deionised (DI) water for use in the membrane performance test. All the other chemicals used in the present study were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (China). DI water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm supplied by a Millipore integral water purification system was used to prepare buffer solutions and for the forward osmosis experiments. Phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 0.1 mM) was used to prepare the proteoliposomes and biomimetic membranes.
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3

Quantification and Isolation of Nuciferine from Nelumbo nucifera

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Nuciferine (purity 98%) was purchased from the National institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Phenacetin, used as an internal standard (IS), was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich, Co., LLC. (United States). N-NF was isolated from the dried leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn and chemically identified by comparison of MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra with published data (Wang et al., 2009 (link)). Its purity was found to be above 97.8% by HPLC (Ye et al., 2014 (link)). HPLC-grade acetonitrile was obtained from Fisher Co. Ltd. (Emerson, IA, United States). Analytical-grade triethylamine, methanol and other reagents were obtained from Beijing Chemical Reagent Company (Beijing, China). Deionized water was provided by a Milli-Q Integral water purification system (Millipore, United States). Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was prepared using our previously described method (Cao et al., 2017 (link)), containing 147 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 0.85 mM MgCl2, and 2.3 mM CaCl2 at pH 7.4.
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4

Aptamer-Based Biosensor for Cadmium Detection

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Germanium oxide (GeO2, 99.999%), glutaraldehyde (25% in H2O), ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H2O), 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, sodium acetate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4·12H2O), and dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 99.998%), manganese (II) nitrate hydrate (Mn(NO3)2·4H2O, 98%), urea, avidin, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide solution, (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and standard solution of Cd2+ (1000 μg mL−1 in 1.0 mol L−1 HNO3) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All reagents were at least of analytical purity and without further purification. The water used in this study was ultrapure water from a Milli-Q Integral water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). The aptamer and its complementary strand (Table S1) were chosen according to the previous study [17 (link)] and synthesized from Sangon Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) with PAGE purification.
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5

Extraction and Characterization of Flavonoids

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Myricetin (>97.0%), kaempferol (>97.0%), baicalein (>98.0%), and apigenin (>98.0%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Luteolin (>98.0%) and quercetin (>97.0%) were obtained from Aladdin Chemistry Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). HPLC grade methanol, acetonitrile, and DMSO were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
HyClone PBS solution (1×, 0.0067 M PO4, without calcium and magnesium) was purchased from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (UK). Deionized water was prepared using a Milli-Q Integral water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). methanol and acetonitrile are of HPLC grade.
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