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14 protocols using i fect

1

Intrathecal Targeting of ASIC Channels

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In the rodent model of RE, PcTx1, APTEx‐2, or vehicle (saline) (1 nmol per rat) was administered intrathecally 15 min before the ED test.24, 25 In separate studies, 10 ml of a siRNA (ASIC1 or ASIC3) (2 μg)/i‐Fect (Neuromics) mix was injected intrathecally using a Hamilton syringe and a 25‐gauge needle. Animals received one injection per day for 3 days before the ED test. SiRNA ASIC1, SiRNA ASIC3 and the corresponding scramble siRNAs were ordered from Sigma. Intrathecal injections were performed freehand under isoflurane anesthesia (2% isoflurane inhalation) between spinal T3 and T5 vertebrae of rats as previously described.26 RT‐PCR studies showed that intrathecal administration of specific ASIC1 and ASIC3 siRNAs resulted in >70% reduction of ASIC1 and 3 expression in the T3‐T5 thoracic dorsal root ganglia.
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2

Ret siRNA Transfection in Neurons

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Neurons (2 DIV) were transfected with siRNA using a scrambled control (siGENOME Non-Targeting siRNA Pool #1; Dharmacon) or Ret (ON-TARGETplus SMARTpool; Dharmacon) siRNA at a concentration of 100 nM via i-Fect (Neuromics) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Transfection efficiency was determined in all experiments by the cotransfection of a fluorescently labeled non-targeting control siRNA (siGLO RISC-free siRNA; Dharmacon). 48 h after transfection, at which time expression of siGLO was maximal, neurons were treated as described in the figure legends. For immunocytochemistry experiments, neurons were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 5 min, washed, and stained with primary and secondary antibodies and imaged as described in the Fixation, sectioning, and immunostaining of SCG section, with the addition of α-p-c-Jun (9261; 1:500; Cell Signaling Technology). Samples were imaged using 40× magnification with a digital zoom of 1.0 using an Axiovert 200M microscope, with tile scans of 5 × 5 fields to randomly sample non-overlapping areas. AxioVision software was used to stitch images together using 15% overlap between adjacent images. Images were again exported as high-resolution tagged image files, and all figures were created using Adobe Creative Suites.
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3

Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathway Modulation

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Abscisic acid was purchased from PhytoTechnology Laboratories (Overland Park,
KS). LANCL2 siRNA and Control siRNA were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.
The siRNA vehicle, i-Fect, in the siRNA experiments was obtained from Neuromics
(Edina, MN).
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4

Noradrenaline Depletion and GLT-1 Knockdown in Locus Coeruleus

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For depletion of noradrenaline in the LC, dopamine-β-hydroxylase antibody conjugated to saporin (DβH-saporin, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO) or its negative control IgG-saporin (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) was dissolved with saline to achieve a final concentration of 0.25 μg/0.5 μl and injected into the LC through the guide cannula at 2 weeks prior to the microdialysis experiment. For knock-down of GLT-1 in the LC, a small interfering RNA (siRNA) mixture for rat GLT-1 (SMARTpool #M-091209-02, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Pittsburgh, PA) or a non-targeting siRNA pool (#D-001206-14, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) was dissolved in double distilled water, diluted with the transfection reagent (i-Fect; Neuromics, Edina, MN) to achieve a final concentration of 8.3 pmol/0.5 μl, and injected through the guide cannula for 5 consecutive days.
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5

AICAR and Compound C Regulation

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AICAR was purchased from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA) and Compound C was purchased from EMD Millipore. AMPKα siRNA and scrambled siRNA were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. The siRNA vehicle, i-Fect, in the siRNA experiments was obtained from Neuromics (Edina, MN).
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6

Intrathecal Delivery of CaMKIIα siRNA

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2-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]-N-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)]amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylbenzylamine) (KN93) and 2-[N-(4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl)]amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylbenzylamine (KN92) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO). Lidocaine HCl (2%) was from Hospira (Lake Forest, IL). Other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). CaMKIIα siRNA (sense, 5′-CACCACCAUUGAGGACGAAdTdT-3′, antisense, 5′-UUCGUCCUCAAUGGUGdTdT-3′) and scrambled RNA duplex control (sense, 5′-AUACGCGUAUUAUACGCGAUUACGAC-3′; antisense, 5′-CGUUAAUCGCGUAUAAUACGCGUAT-3′) were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IW). Lidocaine, KN93, KN92 and RNA duplexes were administered intrathecally (i.t.) in a volume of 5 μL by percutaneous puncture through the L5–L6 intervertebral space.26 (link),32 (link) The RNAs were mixed with a transfection reagent i-Fect (Neuromics, Minneapolis, MN) at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v).7 (link)
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7

Intrathecal Delivery of Cx43 siRNA for Neuropathic Pain

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ON-TARGET plus SMARTpool Cx43 siRNA and mismatch siRNA (control) were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Single deprotected strands were resuspended with an isotonic buffer (100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH, 2 mM magnesium acetate [pH 7.4 at 37°C]; 26 mM NaCl was added to produce a non-irritating, isotonic solution) to a concentration of 1 μg/μl. The strands were incubated at 90°C for 5 min and then at 37°C for 1 h. siRNAs were prepared immediately before administration by mixing the RNA solution (1 μg/μl in annealing buffer) with the transfection reagent i-Fect (v/v:1/4; Neuromics, Edina, MN) to a final siRNA/lipid complex concentration of 0.2 μg/μl. Cx43 siRNA or mismatch siRNA was infused into SNL rats (15 μl/injection, twice daily) through an implanted intrathecal catheter (PE-10 tubing) for 4 consecutive days.
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8

Targeted Gene Knockdown in Rat DRG Neurons

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For knockdown of the targeted genes in rat DRG neurons in situ, the pre-designed siRNA or the non-targeting negative control siRNA was dissolved in double-distilled water, diluted with the transfection reagent i-Fect (Neuromics, Edina, MN) to achieve a final concentration of 0.4 nM/10 μL, and injected intrathecally at the L6-S2 or L2–L3 spinal region every other day for a total of 5 injections in control and stressed rats during the 10-day stress phase. The following siRNAs were purchased from Ambion and used for gene knockdown: Nr3c1 (#s127819), Cnr1 (#s129266), Dnmt1 (#s136451), Trpv1 (#s136297), Ep300 (#s220365). Verification of region-specific gene knockdown at the spinal DRG levels was shown in the Supplemental Data using Trpv1 siRNA.
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9

Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain Model

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Male ICR mice were placed in acrylic boxes with wire mesh floors, and baseline mechanical withdrawal thresholds of the left hindpaw were measured after habituation for 1 h using the up-down method.34 (link) After determining the baseline withdrawal thresholds of mice hindpaw using von Frey filaments, the mice were treated with either intraperitoneal (IP) vehicle or 0.2 mg/kg of bortezomib (Millipore Sigma, Cat # 5.04314.0001) for five consecutive days for a total dose of 1 mg/kg.7 (link) IP metformin (150 mg/kg, Axxora, Cat # LKT-M2076) was either co-injected with bortezomib or alone at the indicated time points. Intrathecal (IT) siRNA (1 µg), dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG, 1 µg, Millipore Sigma, Cat # D3695), or echinomycin (1 µg, Millipore Sigma, Cat # SML0477) injections were done between the L4 and L5 vertebrae at the indicated time points under isoflurane anesthesia. Negative control (Millipore Sigma, Cat # SIC001) and HIF1A (Millipore Sigma, SASI_Mm01_00070473) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purified siRNAs were injected at a dose of 1 µg in 5 µl of i-Fect (Neuromics, Cat # NI35150). Starting on day 7, the tactile withdrawal thresholds were tested.
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10

Intranasal Delivery of miRNA-219 Mimic

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miRVana miRNA Mimic Negative Control or miR-219 mimic (100 μM; Life Technologies) was mixed with the transfection reagent, i-Fect (Neuromics, NI35150), which allows efficient delivery of miRNAs in vivo, in a ratio of 1:5 (w:v), containing 1% lysolecithin and injected into the ventral white matter of 6- to 8-wk-old wild-type mice. Control or miR-219 mimic with i-Fect mix (10 μl each mouse) were delivered to the lumbar region of the spinal cord via the intrathecal catheters essentially as previously described (Njoo et al., 2014 ). Injections were performed daily after spinal cord injury until the mice were euthanized for tissue harvest. For intranasal delivery of miRNA mimic, mice were intranasally administered with control and miR-219 mimics. 14 μl of control and miR-219 mimics were administered over a 20 min period at a rate of 2 ml per minute to alternating nostrils. 8 days later, animals were harvested, their brains were sectioned and processed for histology and immunohistochemistry.
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