Peg1000

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United States

PEG1000 is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) compound with an average molecular weight of 1000 g/mol. It is a colorless, viscous liquid or solid substance that is widely used in various industrial and research applications as a solvent, lubricant, or emulsifier.

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Lab products found in correlation

39 protocols using peg1000

Neuropathological Brain Tissue Processing

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For neuropathological studies, brain hemispheres were fixed for several months with 10% buffered formalin. Sequential 10-mm-thick coronal slabs cut with custom made macrotome were washed, dehydrated in ascending concentrations of ethyl alcohol, infiltrated with polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and with PEG 1000 for two weeks, and embedded in fresh PEG 1000. Tissue blocks were cut with heavy-duty sliding microtome LEICA SM 2500 (Leica Microsystem Nussloch GmbH, Germany) into serial 50-µm-thick sections, and enumerated free-floating sections were stored in 70% ETOH [93 (link)].
For morphological and morphometric studies, serial equidistant free-floating sections were stained with cresyl violet (CV) and used for delineation of borders of examined structures, estimation of brain structure, and anatomical subdivision volume and number of neurons. The percentage of examined structure volume occupied with monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4G8–immunopositive amyloid-β deposits (amyloid load) was determined in sections pretreated with formic acid and incubated with mouse mAb 4G8 [36 (link)]. Sections for evaluation of neurofibrillary degeneration were pretreated with alkaline phosphatase (Sigma, type VII-L) and incubated with Tau-1 antibody [23 , 93 (link)].

Wegiel J., Flory M., Kuchna I., Nowicki K., Wegiel J., Ma S.Y., Zhong N., Bobrowicz T.W., de Leon M., Lai F., Silverman W.P, & Wisniewski T. (2022). Developmental deficits and staging of dynamics of age associated Alzheimer’s disease neurodegeneration and neuronal loss in subjects with Down syndrome. Acta Neuropathologica Communications, 10, 2.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Simvastatin

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LA and GA were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). PEG 1000, methanol, and dichloromethane were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and staneous-2-ethyl hexanoate (catalyst) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Simvastatin (SMV) was obtained from Dexa Medica (Palembang, Indonesia) as a gift simple.

Sulaiman T.N., Larasati D., Nugroho A.K, & Choiri S. (2019). Assessment of the Effect of PLGA Co-polymers and PEG on the Formation and Characteristics of PLGA-PEG-PLGA Co-block Polymer Using Statistical Approach. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 9(3), 382-392.

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Chitosan Nanoparticle Formulation Protocol

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Lactose monohydrate (Sorbolac 400, Meggle, Wasserburg, Germany) was used as the matrix material of microparticles. Polyethylene glycol 400, 1000 and 3000 (PEG 400, PEG 1000, PEG 3000; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used as the stabilizers with ethanol absolute (Merck, Germany) as the additive. Chitosan (molecular weight: 20,000–50,000 g/mol, degree of deacetylation ≥ 90%; Zhejiang Aoxing Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, China) was used as the model matrix material that was transformable into nanoparticles, with glacial acetic acid as a solvent (Merck, Germany). Lithium acetate anhydrous (ACROS Organics™, Waltham, MA, USA), ninhydrin and hydrindantin (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) were the reagents used for the quantitative assay of Chitosan.

Alhajj N., Naharudin I., Colombo P., Quarta E, & Wong T.W. (2021). Probing Critical Physical Properties of Lactose-Polyethylene Glycol Microparticles in Pulmonary Delivery of Chitosan Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics, 13(10), 1581.

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Functionalized Polymeric Membranes Synthesis

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1,3,5-Tris(bromomethyl)benzene
(tBrMeB, 97%), p-phenylenediamine (PPD, 99%), m-phenylenediamine (MPD, 99%), poly(ethylene glycol)
(PEG, M_w = 400, 600 g mol^–1), sodium chloride (NaCl, ACS reagent, ≥99%, anhydrous, Redi-Dri,
free-flowing), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄, ACS reagent,
≥99%, anhydrous, granular, free-flowing, Redi-DriTM), and sodium
hydroxide (NaOH, BioXtra, ≥98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO₄, ACS reagent. Ph.
Eur.), nitric acid (HNO₃, 1 mol L^–1,
Titripur), and PEG 1000 (EMPROVE ESSENTIAL) were supplied by Merck.
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl₂, 99.0–101.0%
AnalaR NORMAPUR ACS Reag.) was purchased from VWR Chemicals (Netherlands). n-Hexane (anhydrous, over molecular sieves) was acquired
from Alfa Aesar (Germany). PEG 200 was obtained from Fluka (Germany).
Hydrophilized poly(ether sulfone) (PES) ultrafiltration membranes
with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 30 kDa were obtained from
Microdyn-Nadir (UH 030, Germany) and were used as support membrane.
According to the specifications and a previously reported study,^{31 (link)} the PES ultrafiltration support membranes are
stable in solutions with pH ranging from 0 to 14.

Asadi Tashvigh A., Elshof M.G, & Benes N.E. (2021). Development of Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Nanofiltration at Extreme pH. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 3(11), 5912-5919.

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Synthesis and Characterization of PEG-based Hydrogels

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Styrene (C₈H₈) was an Aldrich product (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) and was washed 3 times with 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, dried over calcium dichloride (CaCl₂), and distilled under reduced pressure over calcium hydride (CaH₂) before use. Hydroquinone (C₆H₆O₂), dichloroethane (C₂H₄Cl₂), methacryloyl chloride (C₄H₅ClO), chloroform (CHCl₃), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃), and lead oxide (PbO) were Merck products (Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA). Boron nitride (BN) powder was 1 μm in size and Aldrich product. PEG-1000, PEG-1500, PEG-10,000 were Merck products. The PEG DM-1000, PEG DM-1500, PEG DM-10,000 macro crosslinkers were synthesized from PEG-1000, PEG-1500, PEG-10,000 polymers by our group. PEG-DM is the abbreviation of poly (ethylene glycol dimethylmethacrylate) in PEG DM-1000, PEG DM-1500, PEG DM-10,000 [52 ,53 (link)].

Cinan Z.M., Erol B., Baskan T., Mutlu S., Savaskan Yilmaz S, & Yilmaz A.H. (2021). Gamma Irradiation and the Radiation Shielding Characteristics: For the Lead Oxide Doped the Crosslinked Polystyrene-b-Polyethyleneglycol Block Copolymers and the Polystyrene-b-Polyethyleneglycol-Boron Nitride Nanocomposites. Polymers, 13(19), 3246.

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Post-Mortem Brain Tissue Analysis

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All procedures complied with the University of Ulm’s ethics committee guidelines and with German law governing usage of human post-mortem tissue. Two autopsy brains (2 males, 68 and 74 years of age) fixed for 14 days by immersion in a 4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde were used. Tissue blocks embedded in polyethylene glycol (PEG 1000, Merck, Carl Roth Ltd, Karlsruhe, Germany)^{11 (link),12 (link)} were coronally sectioned on a tetrander (Jung, Heidelberg, Germany) at 100-300 μm as previously described.^{13 (link),14 (link)} If paraffin-embedding is preferred, the two staining protocols provided below can be applied to sections of 70-100 μm thickness.¹⁵ Histologic sections were viewed and assessed with an Olympus BX61 microscope (Olympus Optical, Tokyo, Japan). Digital micrographs were taken with an Olympus XC50 camera using the Cell DÒ Imaging Software (Olympus, Münster, Germany). The program’s Extended Focal Imaging (EFI) function was used (Figure 1 d,f) to fuse stacks of four differently focused single images into one sharply focused image.

Braak H., Feldengut S., Kassubek J., Yilmazer-Hanke D, & Tredici K.D. (2018). Two histological methods for recognition and study of cortical microinfarcts in thick sections. European Journal of Histochemistry : EJH, 62(4), 2989.

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Tissue Fixation and Sectioning Protocol

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Brains and stomachs were fixed in a 4% buffered aqueous solution of formaldehyde for 14 days. Tissue blocks excised from the brain were embedded in polyethylene glycol (PEG 1000, Merck, Carl Roth Ltd., Karlsruhe, Germany) and sectioned at 100 µm on a tetrander (Jung, Heidelberg, Germany), as described previously [36 (link),37 (link),40 (link)]. 5 mm × 30 mm tissue blocks cut tangentially were excised from the gastric cardia (the adventitia, muscle layers, submucosa, and Auerbach plexus were included) for cryosectioning at 100 µm thickness on a freezing microtome [39 (link)]. Brains, stomachs, and the remaining tissue sections were stored for subsequent use in a 4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde at 8–15 °C.

Fenyi A., Duyckaerts C., Bousset L., Braak H., Tredici K.D., Melki R, & on behalf of the Brainbank Neuro-CEB Neuropathology N.e.t.w.o.r.k. (2021). Seeding Propensity and Characteristics of Pathogenic αSyn Assemblies in Formalin-Fixed Human Tissue from the Enteric Nervous System, Olfactory Bulb, and Brainstem in Cases Staged for Parkinson’s Disease. Cells, 10(1), 139.

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Detailed Neuropathological Assessment Protocol

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Brainstems and at least a single hemisphere from all individuals listed in Table 1 were fixed by immersion in a 4%-buffered aqueous solution of formaldehyde for 10–20 days prior to dissection for neuropathological assessment. A set of 2 tissue blocks was excised: The first block was cut at mid-uncal level through medial portions of the temporal lobe and encompassed anterior portions of the hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal and transentorhinal regions), including the occipitotemporal gyrus and inferior up to and including the superior temporal gyrus. The second block was cut through the occipital lobe perpendicular to the calcarine fissure and included high-order visual association areas (peristriate region), a first order visual association area (parastriate area), and the primary visual field (striate area). The tissue blocks were embedded in polyethylene glycol (PEG 1000, Merck, Carl Roth Ltd, Karlsruhe, Germany) and sectioned on a tetrander (Jung, Heidelberg, Germany) at 100–300 μm, as previously described (Braak and Braak 1991b (link); Braak et al. 2006 (link)).

Braak H, & Del Tredici K. (2018). Spreading of Tau Pathology in Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease Along Cortico-cortical Top-Down Connections. Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY), 28(9), 3372-3384.

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Characterization of PEG-based Nanofiltration Membranes

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CC (99%),
sodium hydroxide (NaOH, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent ≥98%), sodium
chloride (NaCl, ≥99%), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, ACS reagent
≥99.0%), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with molecular weights
of 400, 600, and 1500 g mol^–1 were obtained from
Sigma Aldrich (Germany).
Sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄, anhydrous, for analysis EMSURE ACS), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
(MgSO₄, for analysis EMSURE ACS), and PEG 1000 (EMPROVE
ESSENTIAL) were obtained from Merck Millipore (Germany).
Magnesium
chloride hexahydrate (MgCl₂, 99.0–101.0%,
AnalaR NORMAPUR ACS Reag.) was purchased from VWR chemicals (Netherlands). n-Hexane (anhydrous, over molecular sieves) was acquired
from Alfa Aesar (Germany). 1,1,1-Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (TPE,
>98.0%) was acquired from TCI (Belgium). PEG 200 was obtained from
Fluka (Germany).
Milli-Q water was used to prepare all aqueous
solutions. All chemicals
were used as received.
Hydrophilized polyethersulfone (PES)
ultrafiltration (UF) membranes
with a MWCO of 30 kDa were purchased from Microdyn-Nadir (UH030, Germany)
and used as the support. According to the supplier and earlier research,
these supports are stable in the pH range 0–14.^{11 (link)}

Elshof M.G., Maaskant E., Hempenius M.A, & Benes N.E. (2021). Poly(aryl cyanurate)-Based Thin-Film Composite Nanofiltration Membranes. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 3(5), 2385-2392.

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Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

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All chemicals were used as received without further purification. Iron (III) acetylacetonate (≥97%, M_r = 353.2 g/mol) was purchased from Fluka (Munich, Germany), triethylene glycol (>99%, M_r = 150.2 g/mol) and PEG-1000 (≥99%) from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA), PEG-8000 (≥99%) and hydrazine hydrate (64%–65%, M_r = 50.1 g/mol) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Kotoulas A., Dendrinou-Samara C., Angelakeris M, & Kalogirou O. (2019). The Effect of Polyol Composition on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles for Magnetic Particle Hyperthermia. Materials, 12(17), 2663.

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