Total carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) were determined by an elemental analysis (LECO CNS 2000, Leco Corporation, Joseph MI, USA). Soil pH was measured in suspension with a soil to water (m/w) ratio of 1:2.5 with a portable pH meter (HI 99121N, Hanna Instruments, Beijing, China), and total phosphorus (P) concentration was determined by ICP-MS analysis (Spectro, Kleve, Germany). Plant investigations were performed in each field plot, including plant species identification (species composition, diversity and ectomycorrhizal host species), shrub and grass coverage. Here, the dominant ectomycorrhizal host tree species were pine.
Cns 2000
Manufactured by Leco
Sourced in United States
The CNS-2000 is a laboratory instrument designed for the analysis of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur content in a variety of sample types. It utilizes combustion analysis technology to provide accurate and reliable measurements.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Wiley laboratory mill model 4 3375 e10, by Thomas Scientific (2 mentions)
Orion 868, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Synergy mx, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Minispec mq10, by Bruker (1 mentions)
San system, by Skalar (1 mentions)
Flash ea 1112, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Uv vis, by Labomed (1 mentions)
Flame ionization detector, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Icp oes, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
29 protocols using cns 2000
1
Soil and Vegetation Analysis
2
Leaf Nutrient Composition Analysis
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To investigate the leaf nutrients, 4- to 6-month-old fully expanded leaves from non-fruiting terminals were randomly chosen from each chemical treatment replication (Morgan and Kadyampakeni, 2020 ). The leaves were washed with tap water to clean the dust, followed by distilled water. Then the leaves were dried in the hot air oven at 80°C for 48 h. The dried samples from each plot were ground to pass a 1-mm mesh screen (Wiley Laboratory Mill Model 4 3375-E10; Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ). Five grams of leaf sample were analyzed using the dry-ashing method and assessed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy to determine the concentration of P, K, calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), S, boron (B), copper (Cu), Fe, Mn, and Zn. Leaf N concentration was measured by macro dry combustion using an elemental analyzer (LECO CNS-2000; LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI). All the procedures of digestion, distillation, and titration were carried out as described (Bremner, 1965 ).
3
Soil Carbon Stocks in Australian Woodlands
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This data set includes 450 sites scattered across a 400-km2 area of eastern Australia (fig. S1C). Vegetation along this transect is dominated by dense woodlands to forests of blackbox (Eucalyptus largiflorens), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis). This data set includes sites extensively used for livestock grazing, large areas dedicated for conservation (national parks and nature reserves), and smaller areas devoted to native forestry. Field data were collected in 2014. Each site comprised a 200-m-long transect running perpendicular to the nearest livestock watering point. Along this transect, we positioned five 0.25-m2 (0.5 m × 0.5 m) plots every 50 m. Soils (0 to 5 cm in depth) were collected from the center of each quadrat, air-dried, ground, and passed through a 2-mm sieve to remove any roots or organic debris. Total soil C was determined using high-intensity combustion (LECO CNS-2000, LECO Corporation). Bulk density was determined with a 7-cm-diameter core to 5-cm depth, and the mass was determined after drying for 24 hours at 104°C. Soil C stocks (kg C m−2) (0 to 5 cm) were calculated from original total soil C and bulk density data. Soil C stocks were log10-transformed to improve normality.
4
Elemental Analysis of Samples
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We determined the concentration of nitrogen (N) by combustion analysis using a LECO CNS 2000 (LECO, Saint Joseph, MI, USA) [109 (link),110 ]. We determined aluminium (Al), boron (B), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn) concentrations by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy after nitric and perchloric acid digestion [111 (link),112 ].
5
Comprehensive Soil Health Assessment
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A sample of the uppermost layer of the soil (5 cm) was collected from the centre of the small quadrat, air-dried, ground, and passed through a 2 mm sieve to remove any roots or organic debris. This was used to assess soil total C and N in the uppermost layers using high intensity combustion (LECO CNS-2000; LECO Corporation, St Joseph, MI, USA), available (Olsen) P (Colwell 1963) (link), and particle size distribution (sand, silt and clay contents), using the hydrometer method (Bouyoucos 1962) (link).
To assess soil health, we used a rigorous field-based protocol to assess the status and morphology of the soil surface within the small quadrats (Tongway 1995) (link). Within these quadrats, we measured 10 attributes: surface roughness, crust resistance, crust brokenness, crust stability, surface integrity (cover of uneroded surface), cover of deposited material, biocrust cover, litter cover, litter origin, and the degree of litter incorporation (Appendix S2). The values of these attributes were used to calculate a combined measure of soil health that has been shown to be highly correlated with ecosystem functions associated with soil stability, nutrient cycling and infiltration (Maestre and Puche 2009; Eldridge and Delgado-Baquerizo 2018; see Appendix S2 for specific analytical methods).
To assess soil health, we used a rigorous field-based protocol to assess the status and morphology of the soil surface within the small quadrats (Tongway 1995) (link). Within these quadrats, we measured 10 attributes: surface roughness, crust resistance, crust brokenness, crust stability, surface integrity (cover of uneroded surface), cover of deposited material, biocrust cover, litter cover, litter origin, and the degree of litter incorporation (Appendix S2). The values of these attributes were used to calculate a combined measure of soil health that has been shown to be highly correlated with ecosystem functions associated with soil stability, nutrient cycling and infiltration (Maestre and Puche 2009; Eldridge and Delgado-Baquerizo 2018; see Appendix S2 for specific analytical methods).
6
Comprehensive Analysis of Bio-Based Fertilizers
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Data on the nutrient content and other chemical properties of the 85 bio-based fertilizers were obtained using standardized chemical analysis [43 ]. Briefly, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were quantified using standard electrodes in a solid: water slurry (1:5 w/v). Total nitrogen (N) was quantified by high-temperature combustion analysis (Leco CNS 2000, Leco Corporation, St Joseph, MI, USA). The available free amino acid N (FAA-N) and ammonium-N (NH4-N) were quantified in 1:5 w/v water extracts by fluorimetry and colorimetry on a multimode plate reader (Synergy MX, Biotek, Winooski, VT, USA) using the methods of Jones et al. [44 (link)], Miranda et al. [45 (link)], and Mulvaney et al. [46 ], respectively. Total major and minor elements were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS; 7500cx, Agilent Technologies, CA, USA) following HClO4/HNO3 digestion in open digestion tubes in a heated block [43 ]. The summary of the different properties of the 85 bio-based fertilizer samples is shown in Figure 1 . The summary shows that heavy metals and trace elements concentration is for elements Ni, Zi, Mn, Se, Pb, Mo. Cr, Cu, Cd, and As is very low (less than 1000 mg kg−1) in the selected samples. The lower concentration of these elements might make it difficult to measure through NIR and MIR as suggested by Wu et al. [30 (link)].
7
Leaf Nutrient Analysis in Plants
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Leaf samples were collected at the beginning and 90 DAT. We used 12 plants for the testing at the beginning of the trial and pooled the results together. At 90 DAT, we tested each replication. About 10–15 mature, fully expanded leaves from four quadrants of the plant were randomly collected for the leaf nutrient analysis. Samples were preserved in a cooler during the sampling period and subjected to acid washing before analysis. Samples were placed in an oven at 80°C overnight to dry, and the dried material from each plot was ground to pass a 1-mm mesh screen (Wiley Laboratory Mill Model 4 3375-E10; Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ, United States). Five grams of leaf samples were analyzed using the dry–ashing method and assessed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP–AES) to determine the concentration of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Leaf N concentration was determined by macro dry combustion using an elemental analyzer (LECO CNS-2000; LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI, United States).
8
Soil Characterization and Microbial Biomass Quantification
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Soil pH was measured at the ratio of 1:2.5 (w/w) of soil-to-deionized water using a pH electrode. Total C and N in air-dried soils (milled < 200 µm) were determined by dry combustion (LECO CNS 2000, LECO Corporation, Michigan, USA). Microbial biomass C (MBC) was determined by chloroform fumigation-extraction (Wu et al., 1990; Durenkamp et al., 2010) and measured by using a total organic carbon (TOC) auto-analyzer (Shimadzu, Analytical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan). MBC was calculated as the difference in DOC concentrations between the fumigated and unfumigated soil J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f samples and multiplied by a factor of 2.22 (K EC ). The natural δ 13 C (‰) signature of the soils (air-dried, milled < 2 mm) and sucrose were determined using an elemental analyzer-coupled-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS) (Sercon Ltd, Crewe, UK). Soil characteristics are shown in Table 1.
9
Citrus Leaf Nutrient Analysis
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Leaf samples were collected annually (2014-2017) in August (on spring flush) to determine nutrient concentrations according to Morgan and Kadyampakeni [21] . Briefly, 20-30 fully expanded mature leaves were collected from each plot in different parts of the tree. Samples were preserved in a cooler during the sampling period and were acid-washed prior to analysis. Leaf tissue samples were dried for 72 h at 65 • C, ground to pass a 1 mm screen, and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) to determine the concentration of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Foliar N concentration was measured by macro dry combustion using an elemental analyzer (LECO CNS-2000; LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI, USA). Foliar nutrient concentrations were compared with optimum levels for Florida citrus [28] .
10
Evaluating Crop Biomass and Nutrient Content
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At harvest, plants were sampled in two areas per subplot. In each sampling area, plants were harvested manually from a given area as a function of the density of the species grown (2.4 m 2 for durum wheat and cereal-legume mixtures and 3 m 2 for sunflower, faba bean, and the sunflower-soybean mixture). Aboveground biomass samples were divided into grain and vegetative parts and, in species mixtures, separated by species. The samples were dried at 80 °C for 48 h. N content in the grain and vegetative parts were determined using the Dumas combustion method with an elemental analyzer (LECO CNS-2000, LECO Corp., St. Joseph, Michigan, USA) from (i) a 10 × 20 cm area for cereals, winter pea, and faba bean and (ii) 20 plants for sunflower, soybean, and sorghum. The content of sunflower seed oil was measured from 125 achenes by nuclear magnetic resonance using a spectrometric analyzer (Minispec mq10, Bruker).
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