Ics 1000 ic

Sulfates were determined with ionic chromatography “Dionex ICS-1000 IC” (Sunnyvale, CA, USA) ICS-1000 IC with a conductivity cell detector equipped with a Dionex AS-40 Auto sampler. Pre-column Dionex IonPac™ AG14 (4 mm × 50 mm) and a Dionex IonPac™ AS14 IC Column with suppressor AESR 500 4 mm (Thermo Fisher Scientific Chelmsford, MA, USA) were used. The eluent phase was prepared with 3.5 mM Na₂CO₃ and 1.0 mM NaHCO₃ solutions with 1.2 mL/min as the flow rate. The calibration curve was realized from 5 to 100 mg/L of the corresponding salt Na₂SO₄, Sigma-Aldrich^® (St. Louis, MO, USA).

TCE was determined with gas chromatography (GC) DANI MASTER, equipped with DANI 86.50 headspace auto-sampler ((DANI Instruments, Contone, Switzerland): capillary column (30 m × 0.53 mm ID × 3 um, TRB624) and a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) was used. The headspace analysis program was performed as follows: oven temperature 80 °C, manifold T 120 °C, transfer line temperature 180 °C, shaking softly for 1 min. The GC conditions were: He carrier gas (flow 10 mL min⁻¹), 180 °C injector temperature split injection 1:2; 300 °C detector temperature with air, N₂ and H₂ for the FID (flows 240, 25, 60 mL min⁻¹). The oven temperature was programmed as follows: 70 °C 0.5 min, 30 °C min⁻¹ to 90 °C then 30 °C min⁻¹ to 180 °C. For the quantitative determination of TCE, a calibration curve was obtained by dilution of a TCE/Ethanol stock solution in standards with concentration range 0.1–5 mg L⁻¹.
Bromide was revealed with ion chromatograph Dionex (Sunnyvale, CA, USA) ICS-1000 IC with conductivity cell detector, equipped with Dionex AS-40 Auto sampler. Pre-column Dionex IonPac™ AG14 (4 × 50 mm) and a Dionex IonPac™ AS14 IC Column with suppressor AESR 500 4 mm (Thermo Fisher Scientific Chelmsford, MA, USA). The eluent phase was prepared with 3.5 mM Na₂CO₃ and 1.0 mM NaHCO₃ with 1.2 mL min⁻¹ as flow rate. The calibration curve was realized from 5 to 100 mg L⁻¹.

Perchloroethylene, TCE, cis-DCE, and VC, together with methane and ethylene, have been quantified using a Dani Master gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). Determination of hydrogen, oxygen, and CO₂ was performed with a Dani Master gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). Anion concentrations, i.e., sulfate (SO₄^2–) and nitrate (NO₃^–), were made with an ion cromatograph (Dionex ICS-1000 IC, Sunnyvale, CA, United States) equipped with a conductivity detector. Fe³⁺ was determined with a Nanocolor ^® colorimetric kit with a concentration range of 0.02–3 mg/L Fe and was then analyzed on a Shimadzu spectrophotometer with wavelength set at 540 nm. The specific working conditions have already been reported in previously published studies. The most relevant process parameters have been calculated using the equations shown in Tables 1, 2 and already reported elsewhere. The Q represents the flow rate for the sequential system, F is the Faraday constant (96485 C/e- mol) and 86,400 are the seconds contained in 24 h. All the calculations were carried out considering the concentrations of each compound.