Isoflurane

Animals that met the blood glucose standard were fed for another month to the next step of wound model construction. Diabetic rats were anesthetized with 5% isoflurane (RWD, Shenzhen, China) and maintained with 2% isoflurane; diabetic mice were anesthetized with 3% isoflurane and maintained with 1% isoflurane, their backs were shaved and disinfected, and full circular wounds of 1.0 cm in diameter were created on the skin 2.0 cm away from the spine on the back of the rats and 0.6 cm in diameter on the skin in the middle of the back of the mice.

Mice were anesthetized using isoflurane (RWD lifescience, China), which placing the mice in a closed container permeated with a mixture of isoflurane and oxygen vapor. DSS (36,000–50,000 molecular weight; MP Biomedicals) was diluted to 3% with deionized water before use, and the mice were intragastrically administered solution of daily up to 7 days. The mice with free access for sterile food and water were served as control and were euthanized on the 7th day to collect samples. The IBD mouse models were randomly divided into four groups: (1) DSS administered for 7 days and euthanasia (DSS7D group), (2) DSS administered for 7 days and kept for another 7 days without any treatment (DSS14D group), (3) DSS administered for 7 days and followed with hUC-Exos infusion for 7 days (hUC-Exos group) and (4) DSS administered for 7 days and followed with hFP-Exos infusion for 7 days (hFP-Exos group). Dissolve 50 µg exosomes protein in 200 µl of normal saline and injected into mice via tail vein per day. At the end of treatments, the mice in each group were euthanized for subsequent analysis. Briefly, mice were killed using CO₂ at 20% chamber replacement rate. Intact colons from the epityphlon to the anus were harvested, and colon lengths were measured. Photographs of the colon were acquired at a vertical angle immediately after the samples were harvested.

BP and HR were measured in conscious, freely moving TASK^−/− mice and the counterparts using telemetry system (Ponemah v6.00, Data Sciences International, USA). In this system, the transmitter (HD-X11) was allowed to transfer the signal to a remote receiver and a data-exchange matrix (PhysioTel Matrix 2.0) connected to a computer. Mice were inhalationally anesthetized with isoflurane (2~3%, RWD Life Science) after initial exposure to a chamber filled with isoflurane for 1~2 min. Depth of anesthesia was assessed by absence of corneal and hindpaw withdrawal reflexes. All surgical procedures were conducted under strict aseptic conditions. After anesthesia, the pressure catheter was inserted into the right common carotid artery and the transmitter body was placed subcutaneously in the abdominal area. After wound closure, the mice received injections of antibiotic ampicillin (125 mg/kg, i.p.) and the analgesic ketorolac (4 mg/kg, i.p.). At least 5 days after recovery, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and HR were measured every 1 h for 24 h at a sample rate of 1 kHz.