Alanine transaminase

Sal was procured from Shanghai Tauto Biotechnology (Shanghai, China), the alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and hydroxyproline (Hyp) detection kits were acquired from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). FN, type I collagen (Col I), Bax and Bcl-2 antibodies were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom). JNK, p-JNK, PARP, and cleaved caspase 3 antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Massachusetts, United States). SphK1, SphK2, S1PR1, S1PR2, S1PR3, CD9, and tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) antibodies were procured from ImmunoWay Biotechnology Company (Suzhou, China). Antibody against GAPDH was provided by Proteintech (Wuhan, China). TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) Apoptosis Assay Kit, 2-(4-Amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride (DPAI), and Cy3-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG were all bought from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The S1P Assay Kit (S1P-ELISA) was delivered by Echelon Biosciences (Salt Lake City, United States).

YSE with an active ingredient content of 60% was purchased from Xi'an Lutian Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Xi'an, China). CU was purchased from the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (No. DSM 2361).
YPD culture medium comprised 2% (w/v) glucose, 1% (w/v) yeast powder, 2% (w/v) peptone, 2% (w/v) agar, and was adjusted to pH 6.0 and sterilized for 15 min at 115°C.
The activities or contents of glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (T-CHO), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), acetylcholinesterase (A-CHE) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Power Fecal DNA Isolation Kit was purchased from Germany Qiagen reagent company (Dusseldorf, Germany).
The rabbit-anti rat β-definsin-2 (ab178728, 1:1000) and the rabbit-anti rat occludin (ab31721; 1:1000) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). The rabbit-anti rat β-actin (5125S, 1:1000) was purchased from CST (Danvers, USA). The F(ab)₂ of goat-anti rabbit Ig was purchased from Fantibody (FAB127288, 1: 2500).

Scleromitron diffusum (Willd.) R. J. Wang (10 batches) were purchased from Jiangxi and identified by Prof. Tianai Gao from Shanxi Provincial Food and Drug Inspection Institute. Cellulase was obtained from Zhejiang Yinuo Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Zhejiang, China). The 36 flavonoid standards (seen in Table 3) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Steraloids. Fenofibrate, formic acid, methanol, isopropanol, and acetonitrile were HPLC grade from Sigma. Macroporous adsorbent resin AB-8 was obtained from Chengdu Grecia Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), RMPI 1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and trypsin were purchased from Wuhan Servicebio Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Wuhan, China). Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kits were supplied by Nanjing Jiancheng Bio-engineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Ethanol, methanol, formic acid, and acetonitrile were of chromatographic grade.