High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was used to measure the contents of ethanol and by-products. The parameters for the measurement of glucose, ethanol, and glycerol contents were a mobile phase of 0.01 mol/L H
2SO
4, a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, column temperature of 50 °C with the instruments of Waters 1525 binary HPLC pump, Waters 2410 refractive index detector, and Shodex SH1011 chromatographic column [29 (
link)]. In addition, the parameters for the content determination of organic acids, mainly including lactic acid, acetic acid, and succinic acid were detection wavelength of 210 nm, a mobile phase A of 10 mM KH
2PO
4, a mobile phase B of methanol, flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, column temperature of 30 °C with the instruments of Waters Alliance E2695,
Waters 2489 UV detector, and Waters XSelect HSS chromatographic column [30 (
link)]. The concentration of biomass in the medium was measured by the gravimetric method [31 (
link)].
Yang P., Jiang S., Lu S., Jiang S., Jiang S., Deng Y., Lu J., Wang H, & Zhou Y. (2022). Ethanol yield improvement in Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPD2 Delta FPS1 Delta ADH2 Delta DLD3 Delta mutant and molecular mechanism exploration based on the metabolic flux and transcriptomics approaches. Microbial Cell Factories, 21, 160.