Taurocholate

Ifnb^−/− mice and Ifnar1^−/− mice were gifted from Genhong Cheng Laboratory (University of California, CA, USA). Tlr4^−/− mice were purchased from Model Animal Research Center (Nanjing, China). Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were acquired from Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology (Beijing, China). All the mice were maintained in the specific pathogen-free (SPF) environment at Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine (ISM) under a controlled temperature (25°C) and a 12-h day/night cycle. Male 8–10-week-old mice were used in all the experimental AP mice models. All mice experiments were undertaken in accordance with the US National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, with the approval of the Scientific Investigation Board of ISM, Suzhou. Antibodies against HO-1 (#70081) and GAPDH (#5174) were from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). NQO1 antibody (#ab2346) and KEAP1 antibody (#ab119403) were from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). Caerulein and IFNAR inhibitor were from MCE (Monmouth Junction, NJ). L-Arginine was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). PolyI:C was from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Recombinant mouse IFN-β was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Taurocholate was from SolarBio (Beijing, China).

Stock solutions of taurocholate (Solarbio, Beijing, China) were dissolved in methanol; stock solutions of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (Solarbio, Beijing, China) and cholesterol (Solarbio, Beijing, China) were dissolved in chloroform. Each stock solution was mixed in the ratio of 50:1:10 (W: W: W) in a vortex and then transferred to a glass tube that could be sealed. A mild stream of N₂ evaporated the solvents before lyophilization for 8–16 h [31 (link)]. The lipid film was stored at − 20 ℃. About two hours before the experiment began, the lipid film was moistened with serum-free DMEM and incubated at 37 ℃ [32 (link)]. Before adding the solutions to the cells, they were filtered through a 0.45 µM cellulose acetate filter.