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12 protocols using incubation chamber

1

Live Imaging of Nuclear F-actin Dynamics

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Nuclear F-actin induction was observed in live cells by infecting HFFs stably expressing LifeAct-GFP-NLS with WT HCMV (MOI of 3). Directly following infection, cells were imaged at the Nikon Imaging Center at Harvard Medical School using a Nikon Ti epifluorescence microscope equipped with an Orca-ER cooled CCD camera (Hamamatsu) and an incubation chamber (OkoLab). Images were taken every 3 min up to 28 hpi.
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2

Live Embryo Imaging Workflow

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Injected embryos were transferred to the environmental chamber of the spinning disk microscope (Andor Revolution XD System with a Nikon Eclipse Ti Spinning Disk) and imaged for 2 days. Twenty-one z-stacks per time step (20 or 30 min) were taken, with two channels (567 nm excitation for ESC visualisation, and bright field). Temperature (37°C), CO2 concentration (7%) and fluorescence exposure (148 ms of 567, 300 ms bright field) were standardised. Prior to each imaging experiment, the incubation chamber (Oko Lab) was allowed to stabilise to 37°C. The CO2 concentration was generated by an active mixer (Life Imaging Sciences) and humidified before supply to the sample. Embryos were immobilised using a 118×118 µm polyester mesh (Plastok Group) in a glass-bottomed dish (MatTek Corporation). An Andor 85 camera recorded images with magnification through a Plan Fluor 40×/1.3 NA oil lens. Each experiment was set up using Andor IQ Software. A multi-position map was created: every embryo was manually assigned an x-y-z location at its centre and visited (starting from the upper-most plane) by the 40× lens at each time point of data acquisition. Channels were sequentially acquired per z-section. Each image collected data in 502×501 (width×height) pixels, 2 μm per pixel.
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3

Live Cell Imaging of Cellular Topographies

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For live cell imaging, cells adhering onto the topographies where loaded with the dye CellTracker Red CMPTX (ThermoFischer) and placed in an incubation chamber (Okolab) at 37 °C, 5%CO2 and H2O saturated. Z-stacks were acquired at regular time intervals with a 20 × magnification objective. Particle tracking was done on vertical maximum projection of the z-stacks using Imaris software (Bitplane).
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4

Time-lapse Imaging of Cell Migration

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Cells were seeded at low density in a 6-well plate (2x104 cells/well). Time-lapse imaging of cell migration was performed on a NIKON Eclipse TE2000-E inverted microscope equipped with an incubation chamber (OKOLab) for temperature and CO2 control. Movies were acquired by a Cascade II 512 (Photometrics) CCD camera controlled by Metamorph Software (Universal Imaging Corporation) using a 20x magnification objective. Tracking of cells was performed using the “Manual Tracking” plug-in distributed with ImageJ software. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison Test performed using GraphPad Prism version 5.00 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego California USA).
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5

Exosome-induced Tube Formation Assay

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Analysis of capillary-like tube formation was performed using semisolid medium Cultrex® Basement Membrane Extract (BME, Trevigen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA). hFM-MSCs were detached, counted, and seeded at a density of 30,000 cells/cm2 in a BME-coated 96-well plate. Cells were maintained in basal medium (DMEM, 2 mM Ultraglutamine, 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution) supplemented with exosomes or vehicle (DPBS) as negative control. The plate was introduced into the incubation chamber (OKOlab, Naples, Italy) of the microscope station to maintain CO2, temperature, and humidity in controlled conditions, and time-lapse acquisitions were performed over 24 h with a Nikon Inverted Microscope Eclipse Ti-E (Nikon Instruments, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a Digital Sight camera DS-03 linked to a computer driving the imaging software NIS-Elements version 4.30 (Nikon Instruments). Total well areas were captured, and tube length was measured using NIS-Elements software tools. At least 3 independent experiments were performed for each point.
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6

Cell Migration Tracking Microscopy

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Migration assays were conducted on an Eclipse Ti-E inverted full-motorized microscope (Nikon) equipped with an incubation chamber (OKOlab, Pozzuoli, Italy) maintained at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Movies were acquired by an ORCA Flash 4.0 V2 digital CMOS camera (EPI light path, Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan) controlled by NIS-Elements BR 3.0 software (Nikon). Cell migration was recorded for 24 h. Single cells’ tracking was conducted using the “Manual Tracking” plugin of ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA).
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7

Raman Spectroscopy of Organoids

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Spectral Raman mapping was performed on a customized inverted WITec alpha300 R Raman system (WITec GmbH, Ulm, Germany) equipped with a green laser (532 nm) and a CCD spectrograph with a grating of 600 g/mm. An incubation chamber (Okolab S.R.L.) was integrated into the setup to keep the organoids constantly at 37 °C. Images were acquired from at least three organoids at a laser power of 58 mW, an integration time per spectrum of 0.2 s and a pixel resolution of 1 × 1 μm at a size of 50 × 50 µm. All measurements were acquired with a 50× objective (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). Reference spectra of cytochrome c (derived from bovine heart, Sigma Aldrich), cis and vtx were recorded as single spectra with an accumulation of 10 spectra and 0.5 s integration time.
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8

Visualizing Centrosome Calcium Dynamics

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HeLa cells stably expressing actin-GCaMP6s were plated on 35-mm glass-bottom dishes and synchronized using thymidine-nocodazole protocol. Before the second release, cells were loaded with 2 μM diazo-2-acetoxymethyl ester (diazo-2-AM; a kind gift from Alexei Tepikin, University of Liverpool) for at least 30 min at 37°C.
Cells were then released and examined on a 3i Marianas spinning-disk confocal microscope equipped with a Zeiss AxioObserver Z1, a ×40/1.3 Plan-Apochromat oil immersion objective, and a 3i Laserstack as excitation light source (405 nm for diazo-2-AM photolysis; 488 nm for actin-GCaMP6s). Emitted light was collected through single bandpass filters (CSU-X filter wheel; Yokogawa) onto a CMOS camera (Orca Flash 4.0; Hamamatsu). Experiments were carried out at 37°C and 5% (v/v) CO2 (incubation chamber from Okolab, Naples, Italy).
Photolysis of diazo-2-AM was performed by illumination with 405 nm laser light at 10% power for 10 ms for rapid chelation of Ca2+ at the centrosome or cytoplasm (elliptical region of interest) after 1–3 frames. Then, cell division was monitored by collecting images every minute using SlideBook v.6 software and processed on ImageJ and GraphPad Prism 6.
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9

Placental Explant Lipid Droplet Imaging

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Explants were maintained in IMDM media. To assess explant viability, 2μL ethidium homodimer (Molecular Probes) was added to each well containing explants to distinguish dead regions of tissue. Imaging was restricted to regions with no evidence of ethidium homodimer uptake. For lipid droplet (LD) labeling, 1:500 of HCS LipidTOX Deep Red (Molecular Probes) was mixed into each well containing placental explants. After 30min, 2μM BODIPY-fatty acid solution was added to each well and mixed by trituration. Explants were immobilized for confocal microscopy using 8×8mm pieces of stainless steel mesh (TWP, Inc) and an incubation chamber (37°C; Okolab) was used.
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10

Live-Cell Imaging of Transfected HeLa Cells

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HeLa cells were seeded onto 12-well #1.5 glass-bottom plates (Cellvis) and transiently transfected with FuGENE 6 (Promega), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Before imaging, cells were exchanged into imaging media: FluoroBrite DMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% FBS and 4 mM GlutaMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Images were acquired as a series of 0.6-μm z-stacks with a Plan Apo 40×/0.95 Corr [Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) N2/40× I] 227.5 nm per pixel objective (Nikon) on a Nikon Ti-E inverted CSU-22 spinning disk confocal microscope equipped with an incubation chamber (Okolab), providing a humidified atmosphere at 37°C with 5% CO2. Images were processed using Fiji (64 (link)).
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