Cesium chloride

Cesium bromide (CsBr, 99.9%) is purchased
from Alfa Aesar, and lead bromide (PbBr₂, 98%), cesium
chloride (CsCl, 99.999%), polyethylene oxide (PEO, Mw ≈ 600,000),
and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, anhydrous) are purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
Lead chloride (99.999%) is purchased from Lumtec. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS, AI 4083) is purchased from Clevios.

Water used in this experiment was purified on a Millipore Milli-Q apparatus. HPLC grade dichloromethane, acetonitrile (CH₃CN), methanol, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), acetic acid, and all analytical grade solvents (acetone, methanol, n-Butanol etc.) were obtained from Sinopharm (Sinopharm, Shanghai, China). Sephadex LH-20, Folin-Ciocalteu reagents, acetone-d₆, deuteroxide (D₂O), Amberlite IRP-64 cation-exchange resin, cesium chloride (CsCl), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), benzylmercaptan, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-S-triazine (TPTZ), ascorbic acid (AA), and all HPLC standards were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The mature leaves (the third pair with fully expanded and dark green) of a mangrove plant C. tagal (Rhizophoraceae Ceriops), were collected from a mangrove forest in the Dongzhai harbor (19°56′N, 110°34′E), Hainan, China. The leaves were immediately freeze-dried, ground, and stored at −20°C prior to analysis.

Lead(II) bromide (PbBr₂, 99.999% trace metals basis); cesium bromide (CsBr, 99.999% trace metals basis); lead(II) chloride (PbCl₂, 99.999% trace metals basis); cesium chloride (CsCl, 99.999% trace metals basis) and polymethyl methacrylate (Mw = 120,000 g/mol) (PMMA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). All chemicals were used as received, without further purification.

Individual phages (Table 1) were propagated as described above in a 2 L volume before the addition of (poly)ethylene glycol (Sigma-Aldrich) to a final volume of 10% (w/v) and NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich) to a final concentration of 0.5 M. The mixtures were incubated at 4°C for at least 6 h to encourage precipitation before centrifugation at 17,700 × g for 15 min (to concentrate) and resuspension in 5 ml TBT Buffer (100 mM NaCl, 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7), 10 mM MgCl₂, 20 mM CaCl₂; Sigma-Aldrich). The suspension was extracted at least twice using an equal volume of chloroform (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, U.S.A.) and phages were purified by a discontinuous (3 M/5 M) cesium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich) gradient centrifugation at 76,000 × g for 2.5 h. Translucent blue bands visible at the interface of the gradient after centrifugation were carefully removed using a syringe and dialyzed against 50 ml TBT overnight at 4°C. Phage preparations were stored at 4°C until required for electron microscopy and DNA extraction.

Nifedipine, NA, tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), ACH, pyrazole-3 (Pyr3), bovine serum albumin (BSA), papain, collagenase H, dithiothreitol (DTT), dithioerythritol (DTE), cesium acetate, cesium chloride (CsCl), Mg-ATP, and agarose were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Nifedipine and Pyr3 were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and other compounds were dissolved in the appropriate solutions used in the experiments.