Bioscope catalyst nanoscope 5

The AFM observation of CS/LC (1:1(w/w)) composite hydrogel fixed in petri dish (Φ 3.5 cm) by agarose gel was performed using contact mode in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) by a Bioscope Catalyst Nanoscope-V (Veeco Instruments Inc., USA). A silicon nitride cantilever was used, which had a spring constant of 5 N/m and a resonance frequency of 150 kHz. The AFM images were processed with the Nanoscope software.

An atomic force microscope (BioScope Catalyst NanoScope-V, Veeco instruments, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) was combined with optical microscopy (IX 51, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) to obtain topographical and ultrastructural changes of the MC3T3-E1 cells and MVs. All groups were imaged with ScanAsyst mode, which uses a patented curve acquisition method and complex algorithms for continuous monitoring of the quality of the image by adjusting the parameters automatically. The silicon nitride tips (150Al-G, Budget Sensors, Sofia, Bulgaria) were irradiated by ultraviolet for 15 min to remove any organic contaminants. The cells were exposed in air and images were captured at 256 × 256 pixels resolution and 1.0 Hz scan speed [56 (link)]. More than 10 cells or 100 MVs were measured in each group. All the topographical images were evaluated using Nanoscope analysis software 8.14. The cell surface arithmetic average roughness (Ra) and root-mean-square roughness (Rq) were calculated for different 5 × 5 µm² areas of MC3T3-E1 cells.