Nsg01 cantilevers

The NTEGRA Prima atomic force microscope (NT-MDT Spectrum Instruments, Moscow, Russia) was used to capture images of cells and their cytoskeleton. The AFM 3D images were captured with NSG01 cantilevers that had a gold reflective surface, a 10 nm tip radius, and a spring constant range of 1.45–15.1 N/m (NT-MDT Spectrum Instruments, Russia). Scanning areas varied from 100 × 100 to 1 × 1 μm² in semi-contact operation mode. The resolution of each image spanned between 512 and 1024 points [29 (link),30 (link)]. Image processing was performed using FemtoScan Online software, Version 2.3.239 (5.2) (Advanced Technologies Center, Moscow, Russia, www.nanoscopy.ru (accessed on 12 January 2023)) [31 (link),32 (link),33 (link),34 (link)].
To assess the Young’s modulus of native cell membranes, the SD-R150-T3L450B-10 cantilever series (Nanosensors, Neuchatel, Switzerland) was selected, with a tip radius of 150 nm, a resonance frequency of ${\nu }^{\prime }=$ 21 kHz, and a stiffness coefficient of K = 1 N/m.
The cantilever series SD-R150-T3L450B-10 (Nanosensors, Switzerland) was used to measure the Young’s modulus of native cell membranes, with a probe radius of 150 nm, resonance frequency, and a stiffness coefficient of K = 1 N/m. All AFM images and force curves were made using SPM Nova software (NT-MDT Spectrum Instruments, Russia).

Square samples were cut from the untreated bovine amnion and mounted onto a magnetic metal disc 12 mm in diameter using double-sided tape with the inner (fetal) surface imaged. An Asylum Research MFP-3D atomic force microscope was used. NSG01 cantilevers (NT-MDT, Moscow, Russia), which had a force constant of about 5 Nm⁻¹, were used for imaging in AC mode.