Bafilomycin a1 baf

Bone marrow cells were differentiated in the presence of recombinant mouse M-CSF (20 ng/ml; R&D Systems) in complete medium (RPMI 1640 containing 10 mM glucose, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL of penicillin/streptomycin and 10% FBS) for 7 days. Day 7 macrophages were washed and variously stimulated with IL-4 (20 ng/ml; PeproTech) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 20 ng/ml; Sigma) plus IFN-γ (50 ng/ml; R&D Systems) in the presence or absence of 200 μM etomoxir (ETO; Sigma), 20 μM sulfo-n-succinimidyl oleate (SSO), 30 μM chloroquine (CLQ; Sigma), 0.1 μM bafilomycin A1 (Baf; Tocris Bioscience), 100 μM Orlistat (Cayman), 20 μM 5-(Tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic Acid (TOFA, Sigma), 5 or 50 μg/ml of LDL (Kalen Biomedical, LLC) and VLDL (Kalen Biomedical, LLC) for 24 h. Macrophages were then harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry for expression of markers of M1 or M2 activation. In some experiments the survival of macrophages was monitored following M2 or M1 activation. For these experiments, bone marrow-derived macrophages (0.5 × 10⁶ cells per well of a 48-well plate) were cultured in complete medium with mouse M-CSF (20 ng/ml) and stimulated with IL-4 or LPS plus IFN-γ. Cell viability was monitored by flow cytometric analysis of 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD; BioLegend) staining of F4/80⁺ cells over time. Culture medium and stimulation signals were replenished every 1 or 2 days.